Kauv Welded Carbon Steel Loj Diameter SSAW Steel Pipes

Lus piav qhia luv luv:

Ntsiab lus:SSAW Steel Yeeb Nkab, Kauv Welded Hlau Yeeb, HSAW Steel Yeeb Nkab, Casing Yeeb Nkab, Piling Piping
Loj:OD: 8 nti - 120 nti, DN200mm - DN3000mm.
Phab ntsa Thickness:3.2 hli-40mm.
Ntev:Ib qho Random, Ob Chav Random & Customized Length mus txog 48 Meters.
Xaus:Plain End, Beveled End.
Txheej / Painting:Dub Painting, 3LPE Txheej, Epoxy Txheej, Coal Tar Enamel (CTE) Txheej, Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Txheej, Pob Tawb Nyhav Txheej, Kub-Dip Galvanization thiab lwm yam ...
Pipe Standards:API 5L, EN10219, ASTM A252, ASTM A53, AS / NZS 1163, DIN, JIS, EN, GB thiab lwm yam ...
Txheej Txheem:DIN 30670, AWWA C213, ISO 21809-1: 2018 thiab lwm yam ...
Kev xa khoom:Hauv 15-30 hnub nyob ntawm koj qhov kev txiav txim kom muaj nuj nqis, Cov khoom tsis tu ncua muaj nrog cov khoom lag luam.


Product Detail

Khoom cim npe

Product Description

Kauv steel kav, tseem hu ua helical submerged arc-welded (HSAW) kav, yog ib hom ntawm cov yeeb nkab steel yam ntxwv los ntawm lawv cov txheej txheem tsim tshwj xeeb thiab cov khoom siv.Cov kav dej no tau siv dav hauv ntau yam kev lag luam vim lawv lub zog, durability, thiab yoog raws.Nov yog cov lus piav qhia ntxaws ntxaws ntawm kauv steel kav:

Kev tsim khoom:Kauv steel kav yog tsim los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb txheej txheem uas muaj xws li siv ib tug coil ntawm steel sawb.Lub sawb yog unwound thiab tsim rau hauv ib tug kauv zoo, ces welded siv submerged arc vuam (SAW) txheej txheem.Cov txheej txheem no ua rau muaj kev txuas ntxiv, helical seam raws qhov ntev ntawm cov yeeb nkab.

Tus Qauv Tsim:Lub helical seam ntawm kauv steel kav muab lub zog muaj zog, ua rau lawv tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm siab thiab siab.Qhov kev tsim no ua kom muaj kev sib faib ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab txhim kho cov yeeb nkab muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kev khoov thiab deformation.

Qhov Loj Loj:Kauv steel kav tuaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam diameters (txog 120 Nti) thiab thicknesses, tso cai rau yooj yim rau ntau yam kev siv.Lawv feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla loj dua piv rau lwm hom yeeb nkab.

Daim ntawv thov:Kauv steel kav yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau hom kev lag luam xws li roj thiab roj, dej, kev tsim kho, kev ua liaj ua teb, thiab kev tsim kho vaj tse.Lawv haum rau ob qho tib si saum av thiab hauv av siv.

Corrosion Resistance:Txhawm rau txhim kho lub neej ntev, kauv steel kav feem ntau raug kho los tiv thaiv corrosion.Cov no tuaj yeem suav nrog cov txheej sab hauv thiab sab nraud, xws li epoxy, polyethylene, thiab zinc, uas tiv thaiv cov kav dej los ntawm ib puag ncig cov ntsiab lus thiab cov khoom corrosive.

Qhov zoo:Kauv steel kav muaj ntau qhov zoo, suav nrog kev muaj peev xwm thauj khoom siab, kev siv nyiaj zoo rau cov kav dej loj, yooj yim ntawm kev teeb tsa, thiab tsis kam mus rau deformation.Lawv cov qauv tsim helical kuj pab ua kom cov dej ntws zoo.

NtevVSKauv:Kauv steel kav yog qhov txawv ntawm longitudinally welded kav los ntawm lawv cov txheej txheem tsim.Thaum cov kav dej longitudinal tsim thiab welded raws qhov ntev ntawm cov yeeb nkab, cov kav dej kauv muaj lub helical seam tsim thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom.

Kev Tswj Xyuas Zoo:Kev tsim khoom thiab kev tswj xyuas cov txheej txheem yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov kav dej khov kho txhim khu kev qha.Welding parameters, yeeb nkab geometry, thiab cov txheej txheem kuaj tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas kom ua raws li cov qauv kev lag luam thiab cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb.

Standards thiab Specifications:Kauv steel kav yog tsim nyob rau hauv raws li thoob ntiaj teb thiab kev lag luam cov qauv xws li API 5L, ASTM, EN, thiab lwm yam.Cov qauv no txhais cov khoom siv, kev tsim khoom, thiab cov kev xav tau ntawm kev sim.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus, kauv steel kav yog ib tug ntau yam thiab check tov rau ntau yam lag luam.Lawv cov txheej txheem tsim tshwj xeeb, lub zog muaj zog, thiab muaj nyob hauv ntau qhov sib txawv ua rau lawv siv dav hauv kev tsim kho vaj tse, kev thauj mus los, lub zog, kev tsim kho chaw nres nkoj thiab lwm yam.Kev xaiv kom raug, kev tswj xyuas zoo, thiab kev ntsuas kev tiv thaiv corrosion ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua kom muaj kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov kav hlau kav mus ntev.

Specifications

API 5L: GRB, X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70, X80
ASTM A252: GR.1, GR.2, GR.3
TS EN 10219-1: S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H
EN10210: S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H
ASTM A53 / A53M: GRA, GRB
EN 10217: P195TR1, P195TR2, P235TR1, P235TR2, P265TR1, P265TR2
DIN 2458: St37.0, St44.0, St52.0
AS/NZS 1163: Qib C250, Qib C350, Qib C450
GB / T 9711: L175, L210, L245, L290, L320, L360, L390, L415, L450, L485
ASTMA671: CA55/CB70/CC65, CB60/CB65/CB70/CC60/CC70, CD70/CE55/CE65/CF65/CF70, CF66/CF71/CF72/CF73, CG100/CH100/CI100/CCJ10
Txoj kab uas hla (mm) Phab ntsa Thickness (mm)
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
219.1 ib
273
323.9 ib
325
355.6 ib
377 ib
406.4 ib
426
457 ib
478 ib
508
529 ib
630
711 ib
7 20
8 13
820
9 20
1020
1220
1420
1620
1820
2020
2220
2500
2540 ib
3000

Kev kam rau sab nraud thiab phab ntsa Thickness

Txuj Tolerance ntawm Yeeb Nkab Lub Cev Tolerance ntawm Pipe End Tolerance ntawm phab ntsa Thickness
Tawm Dia Ua siab ntev Tawm Dia Ua siab ntev
GB / T3091 OD≤48.3mm ≤ ± 0.5 OD≤48.3mm - ≤ ± 10%
48.3 ib ≤ ± 1.0% 48.3 ib -
273.1 ib ≤ ± 0.75% 273.1 ib -0.8 ~ + 2.4
OD> 508mm ≤ ± 1.0% OD> 508mm -0.8 ~ + 3.2
GB/T9711.1 OD≤48.3mm -0.79~ + 0.41 - - OD≤73 -12.5% ​​~ + 20%
60.3 ≤ ± 0.75% OD≤273.1 hli -0.4~ +1.59 88.9≤OD≤457 -12.5% ​​~ + 15%
508 ≤ ± 1.0% OD≥323.9 -0.79~ + 2.38 TSI ≥508 -10.0% ~ + 17.5%
OD> 941 hli ≤ ± 1.0% - - - -
GB/T9711.2 60 ± 0.75% D ± 3 hli 60 ± 0.5% D ± 1.6 hli 4mm ib ± 12.5% ​​T ± 15.0% T
610 ± 0.5% D ± 4 hli 610 ± 0.5% D ± 1.6 hli WT ≥ 25mm -3.00mm ~ 3.75 hli
OD> 1430mm - OD> 1430mm - - -10.0% ~ + 17.5%
SY/T5037 OD <508mm ≤ ± 0.75% OD <508mm ≤ ± 0.75% OD <508mm ≤ ± 12.5%
OD ≥508mm ≤ ± 1.00% OD ≥508mm ≤ ± 0.50% OD ≥508mm ≤ ± 10.0%
API 5L PSL1 / PSL2 OD <60.3 -0.8mm ~ 0.4 hli OD≤168.3 -0.4mm ~ 1.6 hli WT≤5.0 ≤ ± 0.5
60.3≤OD≤168.3 ≤ ± 0.75% 168.3 ib ≤ ± 1.6 hli 5.0 ≤ ± 0.1T
168.3 ib ≤ ± 0.75% 610 ≤ ± 1.6 hli T≥15.0 ≤ ± 1.5
610 ≤ ± 4.0mm TIAB SA> 1422 - - -
TIAB SA> 1422 - - - - -
API 5 CT OD <114.3 ≤ ± 0.79 hli OD <114.3 ≤ ± 0.79 hli ≤-12.5%
OD≥114.3 -0.5% ~ 1.0% OD≥114.3 -0.5% ~ 1.0% ≤-12.5%
ASTM A53 ≤ ± 1.0% ≤ ± 1.0% ≤-12.5%
ASTM A252, ASTM A252 ≤ ± 1.0% ≤ ± 1.0% ≤-12.5%

DN

mm

NB

Ntiv

OD

mm

SCH40S

mm

SCH5S

mm

SCH10S

mm

SCH10

mm

SCH20

mm

SCH40

mm

SCH60

mm

XS/80S

mm

SCH80

mm

SCH100

mm

SCH120

mm

SCH140

mm

SCH160

mm

SCHXXS

mm

6

1/8 "

10.29 Nws

1.24

1.73 ib

2.41 ib

8

1/4 "

13.72 Nws

1.65 ib

2.24

3.02 Nws

10

3/8 "

17.15 Nws

1.65 ib

2.31 Nws

3.20

15

1/2 "

21.34 Nws

2.77 ib

1.65 ib

2.11

2.77 ib

3.73 ib

3.73 ib

4.78 ib

7.47 ib

20

3/4 "

26.67 Nws

2.87 ib

1.65 ib

2.11

2.87 ib

3.91 ib

3.91 ib

5.56 ib

7.82 ib

25

1”

33.40 Nws

3.38 ib

1.65 ib

2.77 ib

3.38 ib

4.55 ib

4.55 ib

6.35 Nws

9.09 ib

32

1 1/4 "

42.16 Nws

3.56 ib

1.65 ib

2.77 ib

3.56 ib

4.85 ib

4.85 ib

6.35 Nws

9.70 ib

40

1 1/2 "

48.26 Nws

3.68 ib

1.65 ib

2.77 ib

3.68 ib

5.08 Nws

5.08 Nws

7.14 ib

10.15 Nws

50

2”

60.33 Nws

3.91 ib

1.65 ib

2.77 ib

3.91 ib

5.54 ib

5.54 ib

9.74 ib

11.07 Nws

65

2 1/2"

73.03 ib

5.16

2.11

3.05 Nws

5.16

7.01 Nws

7.01 Nws

9.53 ib

14.02 Nws

80

3”

88.90 ib

5.49 ib

2.11

3.05 Nws

5.49 ib

7.62 ib

7.62 ib

11.13 Nws

15.24 Nws

90

3 1/2 "

101.60 Nws

5.74 ib

2.11

3.05 Nws

5.74 ib

8.08 Nws

8.08 Nws

100

4”

114.30 Nws

6.02 ib

2.11

3.05 Nws

6.02 ib

8.56 ib

8.56 ib

11.12 Nws

13.49 Nws

17.12 Nws

125

5”

141.30 Nws

6.55 ib

2.77 ib

3.40 Nws

6.55 ib

9.53 ib

9.53 ib

12.70 Nws

15.88 Nws

19.05 Nws

150

6”

168.27 Nws

7.11 ib

2.77 ib

3.40 Nws

7.11 ib

10.97 Nws

10.97 Nws

14.27 Nws

18.26 Nws

21.95 Nws

200

8 "

219.08 Nws

8.18 Nws

2.77 ib

3.76 ib

6.35 Nws

8.18 Nws

10.31 Nws

12.70 Nws

12.70 Nws

15.09 Nws

19.26 Nws

20.62 Nws

23.01 Nws

22.23 Nws

250

10”

273.05 Nws

9.27 ib

3.40 Nws

4.19 ib

6.35 Nws

9.27 ib

12.70 Nws

12.70 Nws

15.09 Nws

19.26 Nws

21.44 Nws

25.40 Nws

28.58 Nws

25.40 Nws

300

12"

323.85 Nws

9.53 ib

3.96 ib

4.57 ib

6.35 Nws

10.31 Nws

14.27 Nws

12.70 Nws

17.48 Nws

21.44 Nws

25.40 Nws

28.58 Nws

33.32 Nws

25.40 Nws

350

14"

355.60 ib

9.53 ib

3.96 ib

4.78 ib

6.35 Nws

7.92 ib

11.13 Nws

15.09 Nws

12.70 Nws

19.05 Nws

23.83 Nws

27.79 Nws

31.75 Nws

35.71 ib

400

16”

406.40 Nws

9.53 ib

4.19 ib

4.78 ib

6.35 Nws

7.92 ib

12.70 Nws

16.66 Nws

12.70 Nws

21.44 Nws

26.19 Nws

30.96 ib

36.53 Nws

40.49 ib

450

18"

457.20 Nws

9.53 ib

4.19 ib

4.78 ib

6.35 Nws

7.92 ib

14.27 Nws

19.05 Nws

12.70 Nws

23.83 Nws

29.36 Nws

34.93 ib

39.67 ib

45.24 Nws

500

20"

508.00 Nws

9.53 ib

4.78 ib

5.54 ib

6.35 Nws

9.53 ib

15.09 Nws

20.62 Nws

12.70 Nws

26.19 Nws

32.54 Nws

38.10 Nws

44.45 Nws

50.01 Nws

550

22"

558.80 ib

9.53 ib

4.78 ib

5.54 ib

6.35 Nws

9.53 ib

22.23 Nws

12.70 Nws

28.58 Nws

34.93 ib

41.28 Nws

47.63 ib

53.98 ib

600

24"

609.60 ib

9.53 ib

5.54 ib

6.35 Nws

6.35 Nws

9.53 ib

17.48 Nws

24.61 Nws

12.70 Nws

30.96 ib

38.89 ib

46.02 Nws

52.37 ib

59.54 ib

650

26"

660.40 ib

9.53 ib

7.92 ib

12.70 Nws

12.70 Nws

700

28"

711.20 ib

9.53 ib

7.92 ib

12.70 Nws

12.70 Nws

750

30"

762.00 Nws

9.53 ib

6.35 Nws

7.92 ib

7.92 ib

12.70 Nws

12.70 Nws

800

32 "

812.80 ib

9.53 ib

7.92 ib

12.70 Nws

17.48 Nws

12.70 Nws

850

34 "

863.60 ib

9.53 ib

7.92 ib

12.70 Nws

17.48 Nws

12.70 Nws

900

36 "

914.40 ib

9.53 ib

7.92 ib

12.70 Nws

19.05 Nws

12.70 Nws

DN 1000mm thiab siab dua Diameter yeeb nkab phab ntsa thickness Ntau tshaj 25mm

Standard & Qib

Txuj

Qib Steel

API 5L: Specification rau Kab Yeeb

GRB, X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70, X80

ASTM A252: Txuj Specification rau Welded thiab Seamless Steel Pipes

GR.1, GR.2, GR.3

TS EN 10219-1 Kev Kho Mob Txias Welded Cov Qauv Hollow Tshooj ntawm Cov Hlau Tsis-alloy thiab Fine Grain Steels

S235J0H, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H

TS EN 10210: Kub Tiav Cov Qauv Hollow Ntu ntawm Cov Hlau Tsis-Alloy thiab Fine Grain Steels

S235J0H, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H

ASTM A53 / A53M: Yeeb nkab, Hlau, Dub thiab Kub-dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded thiab Seamless

GR.A, IB

TS EN 10217 Welded Steel Tubes rau Lub Hom Phiaj Siab

P195TR1, P195TR2, P235TR1, P235TR2, P265TR1,

P265TR 2

DIN 2458: Welded Steel Pipes thiab Tubes

Qhov 37.0, 44.0, 52.0

AS/NZS 1163: Australian/New Zealand Standard for Cold-formed Structural Steel Hollow Sections

Qib C250, Qib C350, Qib C450

GB / T 9711: Petroleum thiab Natural Gas Industries - Hlau Yeeb Nkab rau Cov kav dej

L175, L210, L245, L290, L320, L360, L390, L415, L450, L485

AWWA C200: Hlau Yeeb Nkab 6 Nti (150 mm) thiab loj dua

Carbon Steel

Kev tsim khoom

duab 1

Kev Tswj Xyuas Zoo

● Kev kuaj xyuas cov khoom nyoos
● Tshuaj Ntsuam Xyuas
● Mechanical Test
● Kev soj ntsuam pom
● Dimension Check
● Khoov Test
● Impact Test
● Intergranular Corrosion Test
● Kev xeem tsis yog kev puas tsuaj (UT, MT, PT)

● Welding Procedure Qualification
● Microstructure Analysis
● Flaring thiab Flattening Test
● Hardness Test
● Kev Ntsuas Siab
● Kev Ntsuas Metallography
● Kev kuaj Corrosion
● Eddy Kev Xeem Tam Sim No
● Kev tshuaj xyuas xim thiab txheej txheej
● Kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv

Kev siv & Kev siv

Kauv steel kav yog ntau yam thiab dav siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam lag luam vim lawv cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb thiab zoo.Lawv yog tsim los ntawm helically welding steel strips ua ke los tsim ib tug yeeb nkab nrog ib tug nruam kauv seam.Nov yog qee qhov kev siv ntawm kauv steel kav:

● Kev thauj mus los: Cov kav dej no ua tau zoo txav dej, roj, thiab roj mus rau qhov ntev ntawm cov kav dej vim lawv cov seamless tsim thiab lub zog siab.
● Roj thiab Roj: Qhov tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam roj thiab roj, lawv thauj cov roj av, roj av, thiab cov khoom ua kom zoo, pab tshawb nrhiav thiab faib cov kev xav tau.
● Piling: Cov pawg hauv paus hauv kev tsim kho cov haujlwm txhawb nqa hnyav hauv cov qauv xws li cov tsev thiab cov txuas hniav.
● Kev Siv Cov Qauv: Ua haujlwm hauv cov qauv tsim, kab, thiab kev txhawb nqa, lawv cov kav ntev ua rau muaj kev ruaj ntseg.
● Culverts thiab Drainage: Siv nyob rau hauv cov dej systems, lawv corrosion kuj thiab smooth interiors tiv thaiv clogging thiab txhim khu cov dej ntws.
● Mechanical Tubing: Hauv kev tsim khoom thiab kev ua liaj ua teb, cov kav dej no muab cov kev daws teeb meem zoo, ruaj khov rau cov khoom siv.
● Marine thiab Offshore: Rau ib puag ncig hnyav, lawv tau siv rau hauv cov kav dej hauv qab, cov chaw sab nrauv, thiab kev tsim dav hlau.
● Mining: Lawv xa cov khoom siv thiab slurry hauv kev xav tau kev ua haujlwm tsuas yog vim lawv qhov kev tsim kho zoo.
● Kev Siv Dej: Zoo tagnrho rau cov kav dej loj loj hauv cov tshuab dej, thauj cov dej loj loj.
● Geothermal Systems: Siv nyob rau hauv geothermal zog tej yaam num, lawv tswj kub-resistant kua hloov ntawm reservoirs thiab fais fab nroj tsuag.

Ntau yam xwm txheej ntawm kauv steel kav, ua ke nrog lawv lub zog, durability, thiab adaptability, ua rau lawv yog ib qho tseem ceeb tivthaiv nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev lag luam thiab kev siv.

Packing & Shipping

Ntim:
Cov txheej txheem packing rau kauv steel kav muaj ob peb kauj ruam tseem ceeb los xyuas kom meej cov kav dej muaj kev tiv thaiv txaus thaum thauj thiab khaws cia:
● Pipe Bundling: Kauv hlau kav feem ntau yog bundled ua ke siv cov hlua, steel bands, los yog lwm yam kev ruaj ntseg fastening txoj kev.Bundling tiv thaiv cov kav ib leeg los ntawm kev txav los yog hloov hauv lub ntim.
● Pipe End Protection: Cov kaus mom yas lossis cov npog tiv thaiv tau muab tso rau ntawm ob qhov kawg ntawm cov kav dej txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj rau cov yeeb nkab kawg thiab qhov chaw sab hauv.
● Waterproofing: Cov kav dej yog qhwv nrog cov ntaub ntawv tsis muaj dej, xws li cov ntawv yas lossis cov ntaub qhwv, los tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm ya raws thaum thauj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau sab nraum zoov lossis kev thauj mus los hauv hiav txwv.
● Padding: Cov ntaub ntawv padding ntxiv, xws li cov ntaub ntawv ua npuas ncauj lossis cov ntaub ntawv cushioning, tej zaum yuav raug ntxiv ntawm cov kav dej los yog ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis zoo kom nqus tau cov shocks thiab vibrations.
● Labeling: Txhua pob ntawv yog sau nrog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb, suav nrog cov yeeb nkab tshwj xeeb, qhov ntev, qhov ntau, thiab qhov chaw.Qhov no pab tau yooj yim txheeb xyuas thiab tuav.

Shipping:
● Shipping spiral steel kav yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo npaj kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab muaj txiaj ntsig kev thauj mus los:
● Hom Kev Thauj Mus Los: Kev xaiv hom kev thauj mus los (txoj kev, tsheb ciav hlau, hiav txwv, lossis huab cua) nyob ntawm yam xws li kev ncua deb, ceev ceev, thiab qhov chaw nkag mus tau yooj yim.
● Containerization: Cov kav dej tuaj yeem thauj mus rau hauv cov thawv ntim khoom lossis cov thawv ntim tshwj xeeb.Containerization tiv thaiv cov kav dej los ntawm cov khoom sab nraud thiab muab ib puag ncig tswj.
● Kev Ruaj Ntseg: Cov kav dej tau ruaj ntseg hauv cov thawv uas siv cov txheej txheem fastening, xws li bracing, thaiv, thiab lashing.Qhov no tiv thaiv kev txav mus los thiab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev puas tsuaj thaum caij tsheb npav.
● Cov ntaub ntawv: Cov ntaub ntawv raug, suav nrog cov ntawv xa nyiaj, cov npe ntim khoom, thiab cov khoom xa tuaj, yog npaj rau kev lis kev cai thiab kev taug qab lub hom phiaj.
● Insurance: Cargo insurance feem ntau tau txais los them cov kev poob lossis kev puas tsuaj thaum caij tsheb npav.
● Kev Saib Xyuas: Thoob plaws hauv cov txheej txheem thauj khoom, cov kav dej yuav raug taug qab siv GPS thiab cov kab ke taug qab kom ntseeg tau tias lawv nyob ntawm txoj kev thiab lub sijhawm.
● Kev lis kev cai Clearance: Cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog yog muab los ua kom yooj yim kev lis kev cai tshem tawm ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj lossis ciam teb.

Xaus:
Kev ntim khoom kom raug thiab kev xa khoom ntawm cov kav hlau kav yog qhov tseem ceeb los tswj cov kav dej kom zoo thiab kev ncaj ncees thaum lub sijhawm thauj mus los.Ua raws li kev lag luam kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws kom ntseeg tau tias cov kav dej mus txog lawv qhov chaw nyob hauv qhov kev pom zoo, npaj rau kev teeb tsa lossis kev ua haujlwm ntxiv.

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