Cov Yeeb Nkab Hlau Carbon Steel Spiral Welded Loj Txoj Kab uas hla SSAW Steel Duab Tshwj Xeeb

Cov Hlau Carbon Steel Spiral Welded Loj Txoj Kab uas hla SSAW Steel Pipes

Kev Piav Qhia Luv:

Cov Lus Tseem Ceeb:SSAW Cov Yeeb Nkab Hlau, Cov Yeeb Nkab Hlau Welded, HSAW Cov Yeeb Nkab Hlau, Cov Yeeb Nkab Casing, Cov Yeeb Nkab Piling
Loj:OD: 8 Nti - 120 Nti, DN200mm - DN3000mm.
Phab ntsa tuab:3.2 hli-40 hli.
Ntev:Ib Leeg Random, Ob Chav Random & Kev Kho Kom Ntev Mus Txog 48 Meters.
Xaus:Xaus tiaj tiaj, Xaus Beveled.
Txheej / Pleev Xim:Xim Dub, 3LPE Txheej, Epoxy Txheej, Coal Tar Enamel (CTE) Txheej, Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Txheej, Concrete Weight Txheej, Kub-Dip Galvanization thiab lwm yam ...
Cov Qauv Yeeb Nkab:API 5L, EN10219, ASTM A252, ASTM A53, AS / NZS 1163, DIN, JIS, EN, GB thiab lwm yam ...
Txheej Txheem:DIN 30670, AWWA C213, ISO 21809-1: 2018 thiab lwm yam ...
Kev xa khoom:Hauv 15-30 hnub nyob ntawm koj qhov kev txiav txim kom muaj nuj nqis, Cov khoom ib txwm muaj nrog cov khoom lag luam.

Xa email rau peb Cov Lus Qhia Txog Khoom

Cov Khoom Qhia Txog Khoom

Cov Cim Npe Khoom

Kev piav qhia txog khoom

Cov kav hlau kauv, tseem hu ua helical submerged arc-welded (HSAW) kav, yog ib hom kav hlau uas muaj cov txheej txheem tsim khoom sib txawv thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv. Cov kav no siv dav hauv ntau yam lag luam vim lawv lub zog, kev ruaj khov, thiab kev hloov pauv tau. Nov yog cov lus piav qhia ntxaws ntawm cov kav hlau kauv:

Txheej Txheem Tsim Khoom:Cov kav hlau uas muaj kauv yog tsim los ntawm ib txoj kev tshwj xeeb uas siv ib daim hlau kauv. Daim hlau no raug tshem tawm thiab ua kom zoo li kauv, tom qab ntawd vuam siv cov txheej txheem submerged arc welding (SAW). Cov txheej txheem no ua rau muaj ib txoj kab sib txuas, helical raws qhov ntev ntawm cov kav dej.

Kev Tsim Qauv:Cov yeeb nkab hlau uas muaj cov kab sib txuas ua ke muab lub zog ruaj khov, ua rau lawv tsim nyog rau kev tiv taus cov khoom hnyav thiab kev nyuaj siab. Tus qauv tsim no ua kom muaj kev faib tawm ntawm kev ntxhov siab sib npaug thiab ua rau cov yeeb nkab muaj peev xwm tiv taus kev khoov thiab kev hloov pauv.

Qhov Loj Ntau:Cov kav hlau kauv muaj ntau yam txoj kab uas hla (txog li 120 nti) thiab tuab, ua rau muaj kev ywj pheej hauv ntau yam kev siv. Lawv feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla loj dua piv rau lwm hom yeeb nkab.

Cov ntawv thov:Cov kav hlau kauv yog siv rau ntau yam lag luam xws li roj thiab roj av, kev muab dej, kev tsim kho, kev ua liaj ua teb, thiab kev txhim kho cov khoom siv hauv paus. Lawv tsim nyog rau ob qho tib si saum av thiab hauv av.

Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Xeb:Yuav kom ua kom lub kav hlau khov kho tau ntev dua, cov kav hlau uas muaj kauv feem ntau yuav tsum tau kho kom tsis txhob xeb. Cov no suav nrog cov tshuaj pleev xim sab hauv thiab sab nraud, xws li epoxy, polyethylene, thiab zinc, uas tiv thaiv cov kav dej ntawm cov khoom ib puag ncig thiab cov tshuaj xeb.

Cov txiaj ntsig:Cov kav hlau uas muaj kauv muaj ntau yam zoo, suav nrog lub peev xwm nqa tau ntau, cov kav loj uas tsis kim, yooj yim rau kev teeb tsa, thiab tiv taus kev hloov pauv. Lawv txoj kev tsim helical kuj pab kom dej ntws tau zoo.

Ntev ntevVSKauv:Cov kav hlau kauv sib txawv ntawm cov kav hlau uas vuam ntev los ntawm lawv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom. Thaum cov kav hlau ntev raug tsim thiab vuam raws qhov ntev ntawm cov kav hlau, cov kav hlau kauv muaj cov kab sib txuas helical tsim thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom.

Kev Tswj Xyuas Zoo:Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom thiab kev tswj xyuas zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov kav hlau kauv uas txhim khu kev qha. Cov txheej txheem vuam, cov qauv ntawm cov kav dej, thiab cov txheej txheem sim raug saib xyuas kom zoo kom ntseeg tau tias ua raws li cov qauv thiab cov lus qhia ntawm kev lag luam.

Cov Qauv thiab Cov Lus Qhia:Cov kav hlau kauv yog tsim tawm raws li cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb thiab kev lag luam tshwj xeeb xws li API 5L, ASTM, EN, thiab lwm yam. Cov qauv no txhais cov khoom siv, cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, thiab cov kev cai xeem.

Hauv kev xaus lus, cov kav hlau kauv yog cov kev daws teeb meem uas siv tau ntau yam thiab ruaj khov rau ntau yam lag luam. Lawv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tshwj xeeb, lub zog muaj zog, thiab muaj ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg ua rau lawv siv dav hauv kev tsim kho vaj tse, kev thauj mus los, lub zog, kev tsim kho chaw nres nkoj thiab ntau ntxiv. Kev xaiv kom zoo, kev tswj xyuas zoo, thiab kev tiv thaiv xeb ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua kom cov kav hlau kauv ua haujlwm tau ntev.

Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb

API 5L: GR.B, X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70, X80

ASTM A252: GR.1, GR.2, GR.3

TS EN 10219-1: S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H

EN10210: S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H

ASTM A53/A53M: GR.A, GR.B

EN 10217: P195TR1, P195TR2, P235TR1, P235TR2, P265TR1, P265TR2

DIN 2458: St37.0, St44.0, St52.0

AS/NZS 1163: Qib C250, Qib C350, Qib C450

GB/T 9711: L175, L210, L245, L290, L320, L360, L390, L415, L450, L485

ASTMA671: CA55/CB70/CC65, CB60/CB65/CB70/CC60/CC70, CD70/CE55/CE65/CF65/CF70, CF66/CF71/CF72/CF73, CG100/CH100/CI100/CJ100

Txoj kab uas hla (hli)

Phab ntsa tuab (hli)

219.1

●

273

●

323.9

●

325

●

355.6

●

377

●

406.4

●

426

●

457

●

478

●

508

●

529

●

630

●

711

●

720

●

813

●

820

●

920

●

1020

●

1220

●

1420 xyoo

●

1620 xyoo

●

1820 xyoo

●

2020

●

2220

●

2500

●

2540

●

3000

●

Kev kam rau siab ntawm Sab Nraud Txoj Kab uas hla thiab Phab Ntsa Thickness

Tus Qauv	Kev kam rau siab ntawm lub cev yeeb nkab		Kev kam rau siab ntawm Cov Yeeb Nkab Kawg		Kev kam rau siab ntawm phab ntsa tuab
Tus Qauv	Tawm Txoj Kab uas hla	Kev kam rau siab	Tawm Txoj Kab uas hla	Kev kam rau siab	Kev kam rau siab ntawm phab ntsa tuab
GB/T3091	OD≤48.3 hli	≤ ± 0.5	OD≤48.3 hli	-	≤ ± 10%
	48.3	≤ ± 1.0%	48.3	-
	273.1	≤ ± 0.75%	273.1	-0.8～+2.4
	OD> 508mm	≤ ± 1.0%	OD> 508mm	-0.8～+3.2
GB/T9711.1	OD≤48.3 hli	-0.79～+0.41	-	-	OD≤73	-12.5% ~ + 20%
	60.3	≤ ± 0.75%	OD≤273.1 hli	-0.4～+1.59	88.9≤OD≤457	-12.5% ~ + 15%
	508	≤ ± 1.0%	OD≥323.9	-0.79～+2.38	OD≥508	-10.0% ~ + 17.5%
	OD> 941 hli	≤ ± 1.0%	-	-	-	-
GB/T9711.2	60	±0.75% D ~ ±3 hli	60	±0.5% D ~ ±1.6 hli	4 hli	±12.5%T ~ ±15.0%T
	610	±0.5% D ~ ±4 hli	610	±0.5% D ~ ±1.6 hli	Qhov Hnyav ≥ 25 hli	-3.00 hli ~ + 3.75 hli
	OD> 1430 hli	-	OD> 1430 hli	-	-	-10.0% ~ + 17.5%
SY/T5037	OD <508 hli	≤ ± 0.75%	OD <508 hli	≤ ± 0.75%	OD <508 hli	≤ ± 12.5%
SY/T5037	OD≥508mm	≤ ± 1.00%	OD≥508mm	≤ ± 0.50%	OD≥508mm	≤ ± 10.0%
API 5L PSL1/PSL2	OD <60.3	-0.8 hli ~ + 0.4 hli	OD≤168.3	-0.4 hli ~ + 1.6 hli	WT≤5.0	≤ ± 0.5
	60.3≤OD≤168.3	≤ ± 0.75%	168.3	≤ ± 1.6 hli	5.0	≤ ± 0.1T
	168.3	≤ ± 0.75%	610	≤ ± 1.6 hli	T≥15.0	≤ ± 1.5
	610	≤ ± 4.0 hli	OD>1422	-	-	-
	OD>1422	-	-	-	-	-
API 5CT	OD <114.3	≤ ± 0.79 hli	OD <114.3	≤ ± 0.79 hli	≤-12.5%
API 5CT	OD≥114.3	-0.5% ～ 1.0%	OD≥114.3	-0.5% ～ 1.0%	≤-12.5%
ASTM A53	≤ ± 1.0%		≤ ± 1.0%		≤-12.5%
ASTM A252	≤ ± 1.0%		≤ ± 1.0%		≤-12.5%

DN mm	NB Nti	OD mm	SCH40S mm	SCH5S mm	SCH10S mm	SCH10 mm	SCH20 mm	SCH40 mm	SCH60 mm	XS/80S mm	SCH80 mm	SCH100 mm	SCH120 mm	SCH140 mm	SCH160 mm	SCHXXS mm
6	1/8”	10.29			1.24			1.73			2.41
8	1/4”	13.72			1.65			2.24			3.02
10	3/8”	17.15			1.65			2.31			3.20
15	1/2”	21.34	2.77	1.65	2.11			2.77		3.73	3.73				4.78	7.47
20	3/4”	26.67	2.87	1.65	2.11			2.87		3.91	3.91				5.56	7.82
25	1”	33.40	3.38	1.65	2.77			3.38		4.55	4.55				6.35	9.09
32	1 1/4”	42.16	3.56	1.65	2.77			3.56		4.85	4.85				6.35	9.70
40	1 1/2”	48.26	3.68	1.65	2.77			3.68		5.08	5.08				7.14	10.15
50	2”	60.33	3.91	1.65	2.77			3.91		5.54	5.54				9.74	11.07
65	2 1/2”	73.03	5.16	2.11	3.05			5.16		7.01	7.01				9.53	14.02
80	3”	88.90	5.49	2.11	3.05			5.49		7.62	7.62				11.13	15.24
90	3 1/2”	101.60	5.74	2.11	3.05			5.74		8.08	8.08
100	4”	114.30	6.02	2.11	3.05			6.02		8.56	8.56		11.12		13.49	17.12
125	5”	141.30	6.55	2.77	3.40			6.55		9.53	9.53		12.70		15.88	19.05
150	6”	168.27	7.11	2.77	3.40			7.11		10.97	10.97		14.27		18.26	21.95
200	8”	219.08	8.18	2.77	3.76		6.35	8.18	10.31	12.70	12.70	15.09	19.26	20.62	23.01	22.23
250	10”	273.05	9.27	3.40	4.19		6.35	9.27	12.70	12.70	15.09	19.26	21.44	25.40	28.58	25.40
300	12”	323.85	9.53	3.96	4.57		6.35	10.31	14.27	12.70	17.48	21.44	25.40	28.58	33.32	25.40
350	14”	355.60	9.53	3.96	4.78	6.35	7.92	11.13	15.09	12.70	19.05	23.83	27.79	31.75	35.71
400	16”	406.40	9.53	4.19	4.78	6.35	7.92	12.70	16.66	12.70	21.44	26.19	30.96	36.53	40.49
450	18”	457.20	9.53	4.19	4.78	6.35	7.92	14.27	19.05	12.70	23.83	29.36	34.93	39.67	45.24
500	20”	508.00	9.53	4.78	5.54	6.35	9.53	15.09	20.62	12.70	26.19	32.54	38.10	44.45	50.01
550	22”	558.80	9.53	4.78	5.54	6.35	9.53		22.23	12.70	28.58	34.93	41.28	47.63	53.98
600	24”	609.60	9.53	5.54	6.35	6.35	9.53	17.48	24.61	12.70	30.96	38.89	46.02	52.37	59.54
650	26”	660.40	9.53			7.92	12.70			12.70
700	28”	711.20	9.53			7.92	12.70			12.70
750	30”	762.00	9.53	6.35	7.92	7.92	12.70			12.70
800	32”	812.80	9.53			7.92	12.70	17.48		12.70
850	34”	863.60	9.53			7.92	12.70	17.48		12.70
900	36”	914.40	9.53			7.92	12.70	19.05		12.70
DN 1000mm thiab siab dua Txoj kab uas hla yeeb nkab phab ntsa tuab Maximum 25mm

Tus Qauv & Qib

Tus Qauv	Cov Qib Hlau
API 5L: Cov Lus Qhia rau Kab Yeeb Nkab	GR.B, X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70, X80
ASTM A252: Cov Qauv Txheem rau Cov Yeeb Nkab Hlau Welded thiab Seamless	Qib 1, Qib 2, Qib 3
EN 10219-1: Cov Khoom Siv Uas Tau Tsim Los Ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Uas Tsis Yog Alloy Thiab Cov Hlau Zoo	S235J0H, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H
EN10210: Cov Khoom Siv Hollow Uas Ua Los Ntawm Kub Thiab Tsis Yog Alloy Thiab Cov Hlau Zoo	S235J0H, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H
ASTM A53/A53M: Yeeb Nkab, Hlau, Dub thiab Kub-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded thiab Seamless	Gr.A, Gr.B
EN 10217: Cov Kav Hlau Welded rau Lub Hom Phiaj Siab	P195TR1, P195TR2, P235TR1, P235TR2, P265TR1, P265TR2
DIN 2458: Cov Kav Hlau Welded thiab Cov Raj	St37.0, St44.0, St52.0
AS/NZS 1163: Tus Txheej Txheem Australian/New Zealand rau Cov Hlau Uas Ua Los Ntawm Txias	Qib C250, Qib C350, Qib C450
GB/T 9711: Kev Lag Luam Roj Av thiab Roj Av Ntuj - Cov Yeeb Nkab Hlau rau Cov Kav Dej	L175, L210, L245, L290, L320, L360, L390, L415, L450, L485
AWWA C200: Cov Yeeb Nkab Dej Hlau 6 Nti (150 hli) thiab Loj Dua	Cov Hlau Carbon

Cov Txheej Txheem Tsim Khoom

Kev Tswj Xyuas Zoo

● Kev Tshawb Xyuas Khoom Siv Raw
● Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Tshuaj
● Kev Ntsuas Tshuab
● Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Pom
● Kev Tshawb Xyuas Qhov Loj
● Kev Ntsuas Khoov
● Kev Ntsuas Kev Cuam Tshuam
● Kev Ntsuas Kev Sib Tsoo Hauv Cov Pob Zeb
● Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Tsis Ua Rau Puas Tsuaj (UT, MT, PT)

● Kev Tsim Nyog Rau Kev Ua Vuam
● Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Cov Qauv Me Me
● Kev Ntsuas Flaring thiab Flattening
● Kev Ntsuas Qhov Nyuaj
● Kev Ntsuas Siab
● Kev Ntsuas Metallography
● Kev Ntsuas Kev Xeb
● Kev Ntsuas Tam Sim No Eddy
● Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Pleev Xim thiab Txheej Txheej
● Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Cov Ntaub Ntawv

Kev Siv & Daim Ntawv Thov

Cov kav hlau kauv yog siv tau ntau yam thiab siv dav hauv ntau yam lag luam vim lawv cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb thiab qhov zoo. Lawv tau tsim los ntawm kev vuam cov hlau ua ke los tsim cov kav dej nrog cov kab sib txuas tas mus li. Nov yog qee qhov kev siv dav dav ntawm cov kav hlau kauv:

● Kev Thauj Mus Los Ntawm Cov Kua: Cov kav dej no thauj cov dej, roj, thiab roj av mus deb heev hauv cov kav dej vim lawv txoj kev sib txuas zoo thiab muaj zog heev.
● Roj thiab Roj Av: Tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam roj thiab roj av, lawv thauj cov roj nyoos, roj av ntuj, thiab cov khoom ua tiav lawm, ua haujlwm rau kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev faib khoom.
● Kev Txhim Kho: Cov ncej hauv kev tsim kho txhawb nqa cov khoom hnyav hauv cov qauv xws li tsev thiab choj.
● Kev Siv Rau Cov Qauv: Siv rau hauv kev tsim cov qauv, cov kem, thiab cov khoom txhawb nqa, lawv qhov ruaj khov pab txhawb rau kev ruaj khov ntawm cov qauv.
● Cov kav dej thiab cov kav dej ntws: Siv rau hauv cov kab ke dej, lawv txoj kev tiv taus xeb thiab sab hauv du tiv thaiv kev txhaws thiab txhim kho kev ntws dej.
● Cov Yeeb Nkab Siv Tshuab: Hauv kev tsim khoom thiab kev ua liaj ua teb, cov yeeb nkab no muab cov kev daws teeb meem uas pheej yig thiab ruaj khov rau cov khoom.
● Tub Rog Dej thiab Offshore: Rau cov chaw ib puag ncig hnyav, lawv siv rau hauv cov kav dej hauv qab dej, cov platforms offshore, thiab kev tsim kho jetty.
● Kev Khawb Av: Lawv xa cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov slurry hauv kev ua haujlwm khawb av uas nyuaj vim lawv txoj kev tsim kho ruaj khov.
● Kev Muab Dej: Zoo tagnrho rau cov kav dej loj hauv cov tshuab dej, thauj cov dej ntau heev tau zoo.
● Cov Txheej Txheem Geothermal: Siv rau hauv cov haujlwm geothermal zog, lawv tswj kev hloov pauv kua dej uas tiv taus cua sov ntawm cov pas dej thiab cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob.

Qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov kav hlau kauv uas muaj ntau yam, ua ke nrog lawv lub zog, kev ruaj khov, thiab kev hloov pauv tau, ua rau lawv yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam kev lag luam thiab kev siv.

Ntim & Xa Khoom

Ntim:
Cov txheej txheem ntim khoom rau cov kav hlau kauv muaj ntau kauj ruam tseem ceeb kom ntseeg tau tias cov kav dej tau tiv thaiv zoo thaum lub sijhawm thauj mus los thiab khaws cia:
● Kev Muab Yeeb Nkab Ua Ke: Cov yeeb nkab hlau sib xyaw feem ntau raug muab ua ke siv cov hlua khi, cov hlua hlau, lossis lwm txoj kev khi kom ruaj ntseg. Kev muab yeeb nkab ua ke tiv thaiv cov yeeb nkab kom tsis txhob txav lossis hloov pauv hauv cov ntim khoom.
● Kev Tiv Thaiv Qhov Kawg ntawm Cov Yeeb Nkab: Cov hau yas lossis cov hau tiv thaiv raug muab tso rau ntawm ob qho kawg ntawm cov yeeb nkab kom tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj rau qhov kawg ntawm cov yeeb nkab thiab qhov chaw sab hauv.
● Kev Tiv Thaiv Dej: Cov kav dej raug qhwv nrog cov khoom siv tiv thaiv dej, xws li cov ntawv yas lossis cov ntawv qhwv, los tiv thaiv lawv ntawm cov dej noo thaum lub sijhawm thauj mus los, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum thauj khoom sab nraum zoov lossis hauv dej hiav txwv.
● Kev Npuag: Tej zaum yuav muaj cov ntaub npuag ntxiv, xws li cov ua npuas ncauj lossis cov ntaub npuag uas tiv thaiv kev co, ntxiv rau ntawm cov kav dej lossis ntawm cov chaw uas tsis muaj zog kom nqus tau kev co thiab kev co.
● Kev Sau Npe: Txhua pob khoom muaj cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb sau npe, suav nrog cov lus qhia txog cov yeeb nkab, qhov loj me, qhov ntau npaum li cas, thiab qhov chaw mus. Qhov no pab kom yooj yim txheeb xyuas thiab tuav.

Kev Xa Khoom:
● Kev xa cov kav hlau kauv yuav tsum tau npaj kom zoo kom ntseeg tau tias kev thauj mus los muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab ua tau zoo:
● Hom Kev Thauj Mus Los: Kev xaiv hom kev thauj mus los (kev, tsheb ciav hlau, dej hiav txwv, lossis huab cua) nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg yam xws li qhov deb, qhov ceev, thiab kev nkag mus rau qhov chaw.
● Kev Ntim Khoom: Cov kav dej tuaj yeem thauj mus rau hauv cov thawv xa khoom txheem lossis cov thawv tshwj xeeb. Kev ntim khoom tiv thaiv cov kav dej ntawm cov khoom sab nraud thiab muab ib puag ncig tswj tau.
● Kev Ruaj Ntseg: Cov kav dej raug ruaj ntseg hauv cov thawv siv cov txheej txheem khi kom raug, xws li kev khi, kev thaiv, thiab kev khi hlua. Qhov no tiv thaiv kev txav mus los thiab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev puas tsuaj thaum lub sijhawm thauj mus los.
● Cov Ntaub Ntawv: Cov ntaub ntawv tseeb, suav nrog cov ntawv them nqi, cov npe ntim khoom, thiab cov ntaub ntawv xa khoom, tau npaj rau kev tshem tawm kev lis kev cai thiab kev taug qab.
● Kev Pov Hwm: Feem ntau kev pov hwm khoom thauj khoom yuav raug them rau kev poob lossis kev puas tsuaj thaum lub sijhawm thauj mus los.
● Kev Saib Xyuas: Thoob plaws hauv cov txheej txheem xa khoom, cov kav dej yuav raug taug qab siv GPS thiab cov txheej txheem taug qab kom ntseeg tau tias lawv nyob ntawm txoj kev thiab lub sijhawm raug.
● Kev Tshem Tawm Kev Lis Kev Cai: Muaj cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj kom raug los pab txhawb kev tshem tawm kev lis kev cai ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj lossis ciam teb.

Xaus lus:
Kev ntim khoom thiab xa khoom kom zoo ntawm cov kav hlau kauv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj cov kav dej kom zoo thiab ruaj khov thaum lub sijhawm thauj mus los. Kev ua raws li cov kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam ua kom cov kav dej mus txog lawv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv qhov zoo tshaj plaws, npaj rau kev teeb tsa lossis kev ua tiav ntxiv.