Kev piav qhia txog khoom
Txo:
Lub yeeb nkab reducer ua haujlwm ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov kav dej, ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv seamless los ntawm qhov loj dua mus rau qhov me dua raws li cov lus qhia sab hauv.
Muaj ob hom reducers tseem ceeb: concentric thiab eccentric. Concentric reducers ua rau qhov loj me ntawm qhov sib npaug, ua kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev sib phim ntawm cov kav dej sib txuas. Qhov kev teeb tsa no yog qhov tsim nyog thaum tswj cov nqi ntws sib npaug yog qhov tseem ceeb. Qhov sib piv, eccentric reducers qhia txog kev sib txawv ntawm cov kav dej, ua rau muaj qhov xwm txheej uas cov kua dej xav tau qhov sib npaug ntawm cov kav dej sab saud thiab sab qis.
Eccentric Reducer
Concentric Reducer
Cov reducers ua lub luag haujlwm hloov pauv hauv kev teeb tsa cov kav dej, pab txhawb kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kav dej ntawm ntau qhov loj me. Qhov kev ua kom zoo dua no ua rau tag nrho lub kaw lus ua haujlwm tau zoo thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo.
Lub luj tshib:
Lub luj tshib ntawm cov yeeb nkab hlau muaj lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov kav dej, ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov dej ntws. Nws pom tias siv tau rau kev txuas cov kav dej uas muaj tib lub npe lossis sib txawv, thiab ua kom cov dej ntws raws li qhov xav tau.
Cov luj tshib raug faib ua pawg raws li qib kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kua dej uas lawv ua rau cov kav dej. Cov ces kaum uas feem ntau ntsib suav nrog 45 degrees, 90 degrees, thiab 180 degrees. Rau cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb, cov ces kaum xws li 60 degrees thiab 120 degrees tuaj yeem ua si.
Cov luj tshib muaj ntau hom sib txawv raws li lawv lub vojvoog piv rau txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov yeeb nkab. Lub Luv Luv Luv (SR luj tshib) muaj lub vojvoog sib npaug rau txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov yeeb nkab, ua rau nws haum rau cov kav dej uas muaj qhov siab qis, qhov ceev qis, lossis qhov chaw kaw uas qhov chaw seem tsawg. Ntawm qhov tod tes, Lub Ntev Luv Luv (LR luj tshib), nrog lub vojvoog 1.5 npaug ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov yeeb nkab, pom tias siv tau rau hauv cov kav dej uas muaj qhov siab thiab qhov ntws siab.
Cov luj tshib tuaj yeem muab faib ua pawg raws li lawv txoj kev sib txuas yeeb nkab - Butt Welded Elbow, Socket Welded Elbow, thiab Threaded Elbow. Cov kev hloov pauv no muab kev hloov pauv raws li hom kev sib koom ua ke. Cov khoom siv, cov luj tshib yog ua los ntawm cov hlau tsis xeb, cov hlau carbon, lossis cov hlau alloy, hloov kho rau cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb ntawm lub cev valve.
Tee:
Hom Hlau Yeeb Nkab Tee:
● Raws li Ceg Ntev thiab Cov Haujlwm:
● Tee sib npaug
● Txo Tee (Reducer Tee)
Raws li Hom Kev Sib Txuas:
● Lub Taub Hau Weld Tee
● Qhov (Socket) Weld Tee
● Xov Tee
Raws li Hom Khoom Siv:
● Cov Yeeb Nkab Carbon Steel Tee
● Cov Hlau Alloy Tee
● Cov Hlau Stainless Steel Tee
Cov ntawv thov ntawm Steel Pipe Tee:
● Cov yeeb nkab hlau yog cov khoom siv sib txawv uas pom tau tias siv tau rau ntau yam lag luam vim lawv muaj peev xwm txuas thiab coj cov dej ntws mus rau ntau qhov kev taw qhia. Qee qhov kev siv feem ntau suav nrog:
● Kev Kis Roj thiab Roj Av: Cov Tees yog siv los txuas cov kav dej rau kev thauj roj thiab roj av.
● Kev Ua Roj Av thiab Kev Ua Roj: Hauv cov chaw ua roj, cov tees pab tswj kev ntws ntawm cov khoom sib txawv thaum lub sijhawm ua roj.
● Cov Tshuab Kho Dej: Tees siv rau hauv cov chaw kho dej kom tswj tau cov dej ntws thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg.
● Kev Lag Luam Tshuaj: Cov tees ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev ua cov tshuaj los ntawm kev coj cov dej ntws ntawm cov tshuaj sib txawv thiab cov khoom sib txawv.
● Cov Yeeb Nkab Huv: Hauv cov khoom noj, tshuaj, thiab lwm yam lag luam, cov yeeb nkab huv pab tswj kom huv si hauv kev thauj mus los ntawm cov kua.
● Chaw Nres Fais Fab: Cov Tees siv rau hauv cov tshuab tsim hluav taws xob thiab faib hluav taws xob.
● Cov Tshuab thiab Khoom Siv: Cov Tees tau koom ua ke rau hauv ntau yam tshuab thiab khoom siv rau kev tswj cov kua dej.
● Cov Khoom Siv Hloov Kub: Cov Tees siv rau hauv cov tshuab hloov kub los tswj cov dej kub thiab txias.
Cov yeeb nkab hlau yog cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv ntau lub tshuab, muab kev ywj pheej thiab kev tswj hwm kev faib tawm thiab kev coj ntawm cov kua dej. Kev xaiv cov khoom siv thiab hom tee nyob ntawm cov yam xws li hom kua dej uas raug thauj mus los, siab, kub, thiab cov kev cai tshwj xeeb ntawm daim ntawv thov.
Txheej txheem cej luam ntawm Cov Yeeb Nkab Hlau
Lub hau yeeb nkab hlau, tseem hu ua lub hau hlau, yog ib qho khoom siv los npog qhov kawg ntawm cov yeeb nkab. Nws tuaj yeem vuam rau qhov kawg ntawm cov yeeb nkab lossis txuas rau cov xov sab nraud ntawm cov yeeb nkab. Cov hau yeeb nkab hlau ua haujlwm rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev npog thiab tiv thaiv cov khoom siv yeeb nkab. Cov hau no muaj ntau yam duab sib txawv, suav nrog cov hau hemispherical, elliptical, dish, thiab spherical.
Cov duab ntawm Convex Caps:
● Lub hau puag ncig
● Lub hau elliptical
● Lub hau tais
● Lub hau kheej kheej
Kev Kho Mob Txuas:
Cov hau kaw yog siv los txiav cov kev hloov pauv thiab kev sib txuas hauv cov kav dej. Kev xaiv ntawm kev kho kev sib txuas nyob ntawm qhov xav tau tshwj xeeb ntawm daim ntawv thov:
● Kev Sib Txuas Weld Taub Hau
● Kev Sib Txuas Qhov (Socket Weld)
● Kev Sib Txuas Xov
Cov ntawv thov:
Cov hau kawg muaj ntau yam kev siv thoob plaws hauv kev lag luam xws li tshuaj lom neeg, kev tsim kho, ntawv, cement, thiab kev tsim nkoj. Lawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txuas cov kav dej ntawm ntau txoj kab uas hla thiab muab kev tiv thaiv rau qhov kawg ntawm cov kav dej.
Hom Hlau Yeeb Nkab Cap:
Hom Kev Sib Txuas:
● Lub Taub Hau Weld
● Lub hau vuam qhov (socket weld cap)
● Hom Khoom Siv:
● Lub hau yeeb nkab carbon steel
● Lub hau hlau tsis xeb
● Lub hau hlau sib xyaw
Kev Txheeb Xyuas Txog Cov Yeeb Nkab Hlau
Ib qho yeeb nkab hlau khoov yog ib hom yeeb nkab uas siv los hloov qhov kev taw qhia ntawm cov kav dej. Txawm hais tias zoo ib yam li lub luj tshib yeeb nkab, qhov yeeb nkab khoov ntev dua thiab feem ntau yog tsim rau cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb. Cov yeeb nkab khoov muaj ntau qhov ntev, nrog rau ntau qib ntawm qhov nkhaus, kom haum rau cov ces kaum sib txawv hauv cov kav dej.
Hom Khoov thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm Zoo:
Khoov 3D: Ib qho khoov uas muaj lub vojvoog peb npaug ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov yeeb nkab. Nws feem ntau siv rau hauv cov kav dej ntev vim nws qhov nkhaus me me thiab kev hloov pauv zoo.
Khoov 5D: Qhov khoov no muaj lub vojvoog tsib npaug ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov yeeb nkab. Nws muab kev hloov pauv du dua, ua rau nws haum rau cov yeeb nkab ntev dua thaum tswj kev ntws dej zoo.
Kev Them Nyiaj Rau Kev Hloov Pauv Qib:
Khoov 6D thiab 8D: Cov khoov no, nrog rau lub vojvoog rau npaug thiab yim npaug ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov kav dej, yog siv los them rau qhov kev hloov pauv me me hauv cov kav dej. Lawv ua kom muaj kev hloov pauv maj mam yam tsis cuam tshuam kev ntws.
Cov yeeb nkab hlau khoov yog cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv cov kav dej, uas tso cai rau kev hloov pauv kev taw qhia yam tsis ua rau muaj kev co lossis kev tiv thaiv hauv cov kua dej ntws. Kev xaiv hom khoov nyob ntawm qhov xav tau tshwj xeeb ntawm cov kav dej, suav nrog qib kev hloov pauv ntawm kev taw qhia, qhov chaw muaj, thiab qhov xav tau los tswj cov yam ntxwv ntws zoo.
Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb
| ASME B16.9: Cov Hlau Carbon, Cov Hlau Stainless, Cov Hlau Alloy |
| EN 10253-1: Cov Hlau Carbon, Cov Hlau Stainless, Cov Hlau Alloy |
| JIS B2311: Cov Hlau Carbon, Cov Hlau Stainless, Cov Hlau Alloy |
| DIN 2605: Cov Hlau Carbon, Cov Hlau Stainless, Cov Hlau Alloy |
| GB/T 12459: Cov Hlau Carbon, Cov Hlau Stainless, Cov Hlau Alloy |
Qhov ntev ntawm lub luj tshib ntawm cov yeeb nkab yog raws li ASME B16.9. Saib daim ntawv qhia hauv qab no rau qhov ntev ntawm lub luj tshib loj li ntawm 1/2″ txog 48″.
| Qhov Loj ntawm Cov Yeeb Nkab | SAB NRAUV DIAMETERS | Nruab Nrab Mus Txog Thaum Kawg | ||
| Nti. | OD | A | B | C |
| 1/2 | 21.3 | 38 | 16 | – |
| 3/4 | 26.7 | 38 | 19 | – |
| 1 | 33.4 | 38 | 22 | 25 |
| 1 1/4 | 42.2 | 48 | 25 | 32 |
| 1 1/2 | 48.3 | 57 | 29 | 38 |
| 2 | 60.3 | 76 | 35 | 51 |
| 2 1/2 | 73 | 95 | 44 | 64 |
| 3 | 88.9 | 114 | 51 | 76 |
| 3 1/2 | 101.6 | 133 | 57 | 89 |
| 4 | 114.3 | 152 | 64 | 102 |
| 5 | 141.3 | 190 | 79 | 127 |
| 6 | 168.3 | 229 | 95 | 152 |
| 8 | 219.1 | 305 | 127 | 203 |
| 10 | 273.1 | 381 | 159 | 254 |
| 12 | 323.9 | 457 | 190 | 305 |
| 14 | 355.6 | 533 | 222 | 356 |
| 16 | 406.4 | 610 | 254 | 406 |
| 18 | 457.2 | 686 | 286 | 457 |
| 20 | 508 | 762 | 318 | 508 |
| 22 | 559 | 838 | 343 | 559 |
| 24 | 610 | 914 | 381 | 610 |
| 26 | 660 | 991 | 406 | 660 |
| 28 | 711 | 1067 | 438 | 711 |
| 30 | 762 | 1143 | 470 | 762 |
| 32 | 813 | 1219 | 502 | 813 |
| 34 | 864 | 1295 | 533 | 864 |
| 36 | 914 | 1372 | 565 | 914 |
| 38 | 965 | 1448 xyoo | 600 | 965 |
| 40 | 1016 | 1524 xyoo | 632 | 1016 |
| 42 | 1067 | 1600 xyoo | 660 | 1067 |
| 44 | 1118 | 1676 xyoo | 695 | 1118 |
| 46 | 1168 | 1753 xyoo | 727 | 1168 |
| 48 | 1219 | 1829 xyoo | 759 | 1219 |
| Tag nrho cov qhov ntev yog nyob rau hauv mm | ||||
Cov Khoom Siv Yeeb Nkab Qhov Loj Kev kam rau siab raws li ASME B16.9
| Qhov Loj ntawm Cov Yeeb Nkab | TXHUA YAM SIV | TXHUA YAM SIV | TXHUA YAM SIV | LUB HLEB THIAB LUB HLEB | 180 DEG ROV QAB LOS | 180 DEG ROV QAB LOS | 180 DEG ROV QAB LOS | COV TXO QHIA |
CAPS |
| NPS | OD ntawm Bevel (1), (2) | ID thaum kawg | Phab Ntsa Thickness (3) | Qhov Nruab Nrab-mus-Kawg Qhov Loj A, B, C, M | Nruab Nrab-rau-Centre O | Rov Qab Mus Rau Lub Ntsej Muag K | Kev Sib Tov ntawm Qhov Kawg U | Tag Nrho Ntev H | Tag Nrho Ntev E |
| ½ txog 2½ | 0.06 | 0.03 | Tsis tsawg dua 87.5% ntawm cov tuab nominal | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.12 |
| 3 txog 3 ½ | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.12 | |
| 4 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.12 | |
| 5 txog 8 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.25 | |
| 10 txog 18 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.38 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.25 | |
| 20 txog 24 | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.38 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.25 | |
| 26 txog 30 | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.12 | ... | ... | ... | 0.19 | 0.38 | |
| 32 txog 48 | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.19 | ... | ... | ... | 0.19 | 0.38 |
| Qhov Loj ntawm Cov Yeeb Nkab NPS | Kev kam rau siab ntawm lub kaum sab xis | Kev kam rau siab ntawm lub kaum sab xis | TXHUA YAM DIMENSION MUAB HAUV INCHES. TOLERANCES YOG SIB NRAV NTXIV THIAB TSIS SIB THOV TSHWJ XEEB LI TAU MUAB TSO CAI. |
|
| Tawm ntawm lub kaum sab xis Q | Tawm ntawm lub dav hlau P | (1) Out-of-round yog qhov sib sau ua ke ntawm cov nqi kiag li ntawm qhov ntxiv thiab rho tawm kev kam rau siab. (2) Qhov kev kam rau siab no yuav tsis siv rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm cov khoom siv uas tsim los uas yuav tsum tau ua kom tuab phab ntsa ntxiv kom ua tau raws li cov qauv tsim ntawm ASME B16.9. (3) Lub sab hauv txoj kab uas hla thiab lub phab ntsa nominal thicknesses ntawm qhov kawg yuav tsum tau teev los ntawm tus neeg yuav khoom. (4) Tshwj tsis yog tias tus neeg yuav khoom tau teev tseg lwm yam, cov kev kam rau siab no siv rau lub nominal sab hauv txoj kab uas hla, uas sib npaug qhov sib txawv ntawm lub nominal sab nraud txoj kab uas hla thiab ob npaug ntawm lub nominal phab ntsa tuab. |
| ½ txog 4 | 0.03 | 0.06 | |
| 5 txog 8 | 0.06 | 0.12 | |
| 10 txog 12 | 0.09 | 0.19 | |
| 14 txog 16 | 0.09 | 0.25 | |
| 18 txog 24 | 0.12 | 0.38 | |
| 26 txog 30 | 0.19 | 0.38 | |
| 32 txog 42 | 0.19 | 0.50 | |
| 44 txog 48 | 0.18 | 0.75 |
Tus Qauv & Qib
| ASME B16.9: Cov Khoom Siv Ua Los Ntawm Lub Hoobkas Uas Ua Los Ntawm Lub Taub Hau Uas Muaj Cov Khoom Siv Vuam | Cov Khoom Siv: Cov Hlau Carbon, Cov Hlau Stainless, Cov Hlau Alloy |
| EN 10253-1: Cov Khoom Siv Yeeb Nkab Uas Siv Taub Hau - Ntu 1: Cov Hlau Carbon Uas Ua Los Ntawm Hlau Rau Kev Siv Dav Dav Thiab Tsis Muaj Cov Kev Cai Tshuaj Xyuas Tshwj Xeeb | Cov Khoom Siv: Cov Hlau Carbon, Cov Hlau Stainless, Cov Hlau Alloy |
| JIS B2311: Cov Khoom Siv Yeeb Nkab Hlau Taub Hau Rau Kev Siv Ib Txwm | Cov Khoom Siv: Cov Hlau Carbon, Cov Hlau Stainless, Cov Hlau Alloy |
| DIN 2605: Cov Khoom Siv Yeeb Nkab Hlau Taub Hau-Vuam: Lub Luj Tshib thiab Cov Khoov nrog Qhov Txo Qhov Siab | Cov Khoom Siv: Cov Hlau Carbon, Cov Hlau Stainless, Cov Hlau Alloy |
| GB/T 12459: Cov Khoom Siv Hlau Uas Tsis Muaj Qhov Txuas Thiab Tsis Txuas | Cov Khoom Siv: Cov Hlau Carbon, Cov Hlau Stainless, Cov Hlau Alloy |
Cov Txheej Txheem Tsim Khoom
Cov Txheej Txheem Tsim Khoom
Cov Txheej Txheem Tsim Khoom Tee
Cov Txheej Txheem Tsim Khoom Txo
Cov Txheej Txheem Tsim Khoom Luj Tshib
Kev Tswj Xyuas Zoo
Kev Tshawb Xyuas Khoom Siv Raw, Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Tshuaj, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Tshuab, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Pom, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Qhov Loj, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Khoov, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Flattening, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Kev Cuam Tshuam, Kev Tshawb Xyuas DWT, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Tsis Ua Rau Puas Tsuaj, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Hardness, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Siab, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Qhov To ntawm Lub Rooj, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm Nqus, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Torque thiab Thrust, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Pleev Xim thiab Txheej, Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Cov Ntaub Ntawv…..
Kev Siv & Daim Ntawv Thov
Kev Tshawb Xyuas Khoom Siv Raw, Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Tshuaj, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Tshuab, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Pom, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Qhov Loj, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Khoov, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Flattening, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Kev Cuam Tshuam, Kev Tshawb Xyuas DWT, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Tsis Ua Rau Puas Tsuaj, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Hardness, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Siab, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Qhov To ntawm Lub Rooj, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm Nqus, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Torque thiab Thrust, Kev Tshawb Xyuas Pleev Xim thiab Txheej, Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Cov Ntaub Ntawv…..
● Kev Sib Txuas
● Kev Tswj Xyuas Kev Taw Qhia
● Kev Tswj Xyuas Kev Nqus Dej
● Kev Sib Cais Xov Xwm
● Kev Sib Tov Kua
● Kev Txhawb Nqa thiab Kev Txuas
● Kev Tswj Kub
● Kev Huv Si thiab Kev Tua Kab Mob
● Kev Nyab Xeeb
● Kev Xav Txog Kev Zoo Nkauj thiab Ib puag ncig
Hauv kev xaus lus, cov khoom siv yeeb nkab yog cov khoom tseem ceeb uas ua rau muaj kev thauj mus los ntawm cov kua thiab cov pa roj tau zoo, muaj kev nyab xeeb, thiab tswj tau thoob plaws ntau yam lag luam. Lawv cov kev siv sib txawv pab txhawb rau kev ntseeg tau, kev ua tau zoo, thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov txheej txheem tswj cov kua hauv ntau qhov chaw.
Ntim & Xa Khoom
Ntawm Womic Steel, peb nkag siab txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntim khoom ruaj ntseg thiab kev xa khoom txhim khu kev qha thaum nws los txog rau kev xa peb cov yeeb nkab zoo mus rau koj lub qhov rooj. Nov yog cov lus piav qhia txog peb cov txheej txheem ntim khoom thiab kev xa khoom rau koj siv:
Ntim:
Peb cov khoom siv yeeb nkab raug ntim kom zoo kom ntseeg tau tias lawv tuaj txog koj zoo meej, npaj txhij rau koj cov kev xav tau hauv kev lag luam lossis kev lag luam. Peb cov txheej txheem ntim khoom suav nrog cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv qab no:
● Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Zoo: Ua ntej ntim khoom, txhua yam khoom siv yeeb nkab yuav raug tshuaj xyuas kom zoo kom paub tseeb tias lawv ua tau raws li peb cov qauv nruj rau kev ua tau zoo thiab kev ncaj ncees.
● Txheej Tiv Thaiv: Nyob ntawm hom khoom siv thiab daim ntawv thov, peb cov khoom siv yuav tau txais txheej tiv thaiv kom tiv thaiv kev xeb thiab kev puas tsuaj thaum lub sijhawm thauj mus los.
● Kev Sib Txuas Ruaj Ntseg: Cov khoom siv tau sib txuas ua ke ruaj ntseg, ua kom lawv ruaj khov thiab tiv thaiv thoob plaws hauv kev xa khoom.
● Kev Sau Npe thiab Cov Ntaub Ntawv: Txhua lub pob khoom muaj cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb sau tseg, suav nrog cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom, qhov ntau npaum li cas, thiab cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb txog kev tuav pov hwm. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb, xws li daim ntawv pov thawj ua raws li txoj cai, kuj suav nrog.
● Kev Ntim Khoom Tshwj Xeeb: Peb tuaj yeem ua raws li cov kev thov ntim khoom tshwj xeeb raws li koj cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb, kom ntseeg tau tias koj cov khoom siv tau npaj raws nraim li qhov xav tau.
Kev Xa Khoom:
Peb koom tes nrog cov neeg koom tes xa khoom uas muaj npe nrov kom lav qhov kev xa khoom zoo thiab raws sijhawm mus rau koj qhov chaw uas koj xav tau. Peb pab neeg logistics ua kom txoj kev xa khoom zoo dua kom txo lub sijhawm thauj mus los thiab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev ncua sijhawm. Rau kev xa khoom thoob ntiaj teb, peb ua txhua yam ntaub ntawv pov thawj kev lis kev cai thiab kev ua raws li txoj cai kom yooj yim rau kev tshem tawm kev lis kev cai. Peb muaj cov kev xaiv xa khoom yooj ywm, suav nrog kev xa khoom sai rau cov kev xav tau ceev.


















