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EN 10217 P235GH ERW Cov Yeeb Nkab Hlau - Cov Yeeb Nkab Kub Siab Rau Boiler & Cov Khoom Siv Hloov Kub Featured Duab
  • EN 10217 P235GH ERW Cov Yeeb Nkab Hlau - Cov Yeeb Nkab Kub Siab Rau Boiler & Cov Khoom Siv Hloov Kub
  • EN 10217 P235GH ERW Cov Yeeb Nkab Hlau - Cov Yeeb Nkab Kub Siab Rau Boiler & Cov Khoom Siv Hloov Kub
  • EN 10217 P235GH ERW Cov Yeeb Nkab Hlau - Cov Yeeb Nkab Kub Siab Rau Boiler & Cov Khoom Siv Hloov Kub

EN 10217 P235GH ERW Cov Yeeb Nkab Hlau - Cov Yeeb Nkab Kub Siab Rau Boiler & Cov Khoom Siv Hloov Kub

Kev Piav Qhia Luv:

Womic Steel muab cov yeeb nkab hlau EN 10217 P235GH ERW zoo rau kev siv siab ntawm qhov kub siab. P235GH lub raj xa dej siab siv dav rau cov nruas boiler, cov khoom hloov pauv cua sov, cov cua sov loj, cov taub hau pa, thiab cov hlab dej siab. Sab nraud txoj kab uas hla ntawm 21.3mm txog 610mm (1/2″ txog 24″), phab ntsa tuab ntawm 2.0mm txog 20.0mm, ntev txog 18m. Daim ntawv pov thawj zeb, kev kuaj dej, kev tshuaj xyuas UT / ET, qhov kawg beveled, lub hau yas muaj. CE cim thiab EN 10204 3.2 daim ntawv pov thawj muaj. Tus nqi sib tw thiab kev xa khoom sai.

ERW Cov Yeeb Nkab Hlau Loj:Sab Nraud Txoj Kab uas hla: 21.3mm-610mm (1/2″-24″), Phab Ntsa Thickness: 2.0mm-20.0mm, Ntev: 6m, 12m lossis raws li xav tau

Tus Qauv & Qib ntawm ERW Steel Pipe:EN 10217-2 Qib P235GH (1.0345); Kuj muaj P265GH, P295GH, P355GH

Kev siv ntawm ERW Steel Pipe:Cov nruas boiler, cov khoom hloov pauv cua sov, cov superheaters, cov taub hau ncu, cov hlab ntsha siab, cov kav dej kub siab, kev ua tshuaj lom neeg, kev tsim hluav taws xob, cov nroj tsuag petrochemical, cov khoom siv refinery, cov boilers ncu, cov boilers dej kub, cov raj condenser

Womic Steelmuab cov khoom zoo thiab tus nqi sib tw ntawm EN 10217 P235GH ERW cov kav hlau, cov kav dej boiler, cov yeeb nkab fittings, cov kav dej stainless thiab cov fittings. Daim ntawv pov thawj zeb, kev kuaj hydro, UT / ET kev tshuaj xyuas, qhov kawg beveled, lub hau yas, CE cim muaj. Kev xa khoom sai thiab kev pabcuam zoo tshaj plaws.


Cov Lus Qhia Txog Khoom

Cov Khoom Qhia Txog Khoom

Cov Cim Npe Khoom

1. Womic Steel: Kev Muaj Peev Xwm Tsim Khoom & Lub Zog ntawm Lub Tuam Txhab

Womic Steel Group yog ib lub chaw tsim khoom thiab xa khoom thoob ntiaj teb nrog ntau tshaj 20 xyoo ntawm kev txawj ntse hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv carbon, alloy, thiab stainless hlau tubular. Peb lub chaw tsim khoom yeeb nkab ERW zoo tshaj plaws muaj peev xwm tsim khoom ntau tshaj 15,000 tons hauv ib hlis rau cov yeeb nkab hlau uas tiv taus hluav taws xob.

Qhov Loj Ntau Lawm rau EN 10217 P235GH ERW Yeeb Nkab:Sab nraud txoj kab uas hla ntawm 21.3mm txog 610mm (1/2 nti txog 24 nti) nrog phab ntsa tuab ntawm 2.0mm txog 20.0mm. Ib qho ntev random ntawm 6m, ob chav ntev random ntawm 12m, lossis kev cai ntev raws li xav tau.

Cov Ntawv Pov Thawj Zoo & Kev Ua Raws Cai:

ISO 9001: 2015 Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj:Kev tswj xyuas zoo kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom zoo sib xws thoob plaws txhua qhov kev ua haujlwm.

Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj CE (PED 2014/68/EU):Ua raws li European Pressure Equipment Directive rau kev siv siab. CE cim thiab Daim Ntawv Tshaj Tawm Kev Ua Tau Zoo (DoP) tau muab rau kev lees txais ntawm kev lag luam European.

EN 10204 3.2 Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj:Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj Tshuaj Xyuas 3.2 tau lees paub los ntawm TÜV, LR, BV, lossis SGS rau cov ntawv thov siab tseem ceeb uas xav tau kev taug qab tag nrho.

Kev Pom Zoo Los Ntawm Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Sab Nraud (TPI):Cov khoom thiab cov txheej txheem tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm SGS, BV, ABS, LR, DNV, GL, thiab TÜV.

Cov Ntawv Pov Thawj Ntxiv:ISO 14001, ISO 45001 muaj thaum thov.

Kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb:Womic Steel yog tus neeg muab khoom ntseeg siab rau cov chaw tsim khoom boiler, cov chaw tsim khoom siv siab, cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob, thiab cov chaw ua lag luam petrochemical, pabcuam ntau dua 80 lub tebchaws thoob ntiaj teb.

2. EN 10217 P235GH ERW Cov Yeeb Nkab Hlau: Cov Khoom Siv Sib xyaw & Cov yam ntxwv ua tau zoo

EN 10217 P235GH yog cov yeeb nkab hlau tsis yog hlau uas tsim tshwj xeeb rau kev siv siab ntawm qhov kub siab. Tus "P" txhais tau tias lub hom phiaj siab, "235" txhais tau tias qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 235 MPa, "G" txhais tau tias cov khoom kub siab, thiab "H" txhais tau tias kev sim hydraulic (hydrostatic pressure). Tus lej qib 1.0345 yog tus lej cim hauv qab EN 10027-2.

Piv rau P265GH (265 MPa yield) thiab P355GH (355 MPa yield), P235GH muaj lub zog zoo ntawm qhov kub nruab nrab thaum muab kev sib txuas zoo heev thiab kev ua tau zoo. P235GH yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm tas mus li ntawm qhov kub txog li 400 ° C, ua rau nws yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau cov nruas boiler, cov khoom hloov pauv cua sov, thiab cov hlab siab hauv kev pabcuam kub nruab nrab.

EN 10217 P235GH ERW Cov Yeeb Nkab Hlau Tshuaj Lom Zem (Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Ladle,% los ntawm pawg):

Khoom C siab tshaj Si max Mn siab tshaj plaws P siab tshaj S siab tshaj plaws Cr siab tshaj Cu max Mo max Ni max
P235GH 0.16 0.35 1.20 0.025 0.020 0.30 0.30 0.10 0.30

*Ceeb Toom: Cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhuas (Al) yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg nkaus 0.020%. Tag nrho cov Cr + Cu + Mo + Ni yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 0.70%. Cov ntsiab lus carbon tsawg thiab cov hlau sib xyaw tsawg ua kom muaj kev sib txuas zoo heev thiab kev ua kom zoo rau kev tsim cov khoom siv siab.*

EN 10217 P235GH ERW Cov Yeeb Nkab Hlau Cov Khoom Siv Kho Tshuab (Chav Kub):

Phab ntsa tuab (hli) Lub Zog Tawm (min) Lub zog tensile Kev ntev (min)
t ≤ 16 hli 235 MPa 360-500 MPa 24%
16 hli < t ≤ 40 hli 225 MPa 360-500 MPa 24%
40 hli < t ≤ 60 hli 215 MPa 360-500 MPa 23%

Lus Cim: P235GH tswj tau lub zog siv tau txog li 400 ° C. Rau qhov kub siab dua (saum toj no 400 ° C), P265GH lossis cov qib alloy zoo li 16Mo3 raug pom zoo.

EN 10217 P235GH ERW Cov Yeeb Nkab Hlau Kub Siab Lub Zog Tawm:

Kub (°C) 100 200 300 350 400
Lub Zog Tawm (MPa) 225 190 170 165 155

Lus Cim: Cov nqi no sawv cev rau qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm qhov kub siab, qhia txog P235GH qhov tsim nyog rau kev siv boiler thiab cov cua sov sib pauv.

EN 10217 P235GH ERW Cov Yeeb Nkab Hlau Cuam Tshuam Cov Khoom:

Kev Ntsuas Kev Taw Qhia Kub Zog Nruab Nrab (min) Lub Zog Ib Leeg (min)
Ntev ntev 0°C 27 Joules 20 Joules
Txoj kab hla 0°C 27 Joules 20 Joules

*Ceeb Toom: Kev kuaj qhov cuam tshuam yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau P235GH raws li EN 10217-2. Rau cov ntawv thov kub qis dua 0 ° C, P235GH feem ntau tsis tau teev tseg.*

3. EN 10217 P235GH ERW Cov Yeeb Nkab Hlau Qhov Ntev & Cov Qauv Ua Raws Cai

Womic Steel muab cov kav dej EN 10217 P235GH ERW hla ntau qhov ntev, ua raws li EN 10217-2: 2024 tus qauv.

Khoom Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb
Tus Qauv EN 10217-2:2024 (Cov kav hlau vuam rau lub hom phiaj siab - Cov kav hlau tsis yog hlau thiab hlau sib xyaw nrog cov khoom kub siab tshwj xeeb)
Qib P235GH (1.0345)
Cov Txheej Txheem Tsim Khoom Kev Vuam Hluav Taws Xob Tiv Thaiv (ERW) / Kev Vuam Zaus Siab (HFW)
Sab Nraud Txoj Kab uas hla 21.3mm – 610mm (1/2 nti – 24 nti)
Phab ntsa tuab ntau yam 2.0 hli - 20.0 hli
Ntev 6m (SR), 12m (DR), lossis kev cai ntev txog li 18m
Kev Xa Khoom Raws li-welded / Normalized (+ N)
Xaus tiav Qhov Kawg Plain (PE) / Qhov Kawg Beveled (BE)
Qhov Chaw Tiav Liab qab / Roj / Dub Txheej
Pawg Tshuaj Xyuas TC1 (2.2 daim ntawv pov thawj) / TC2 (3.1 daim ntawv pov thawj nrog NDT)
Kev kam rau siab OD: ±1.0% / WT: ±10% / Ntev: +50mm -0mm

4. Muaj Qhov Loj & Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb - ERW Steel Pipe

NB

Loj

OD

mm

SCH40S

mm

SCH5S

mm

SCH10S

mm

SCH10

mm

SCH20

mm

SCH40

mm

SCH60

mm

XS/80S

mm

SCH80

mm

SCH100

mm

SCH120

mm

SCH140

mm

SCH160

mm

SCHXXS

mm

6

1/8”

10.29

    

1.24

    

1.73

    

2.41

          

8

1/4”

13.72

    

1.65

    

2.24

    

3.02

          

10

3/8”

17.15

    

1.65

    

2.31

    

3.20

          

15

1/2”

21.34

2.77

1.65

2.11

    

2.77

  

3.73

3.73

      

4.78

7.47

20

3/4”

26.67

2.87

1.65

2.11

    

2.87

  

3.91

3.91

      

5.56

7.82

25

1”

33.40

3.38

1.65

2.77

    

3.38

  

4.55

4.55

      

6.35

9.09

32

1 1/4”

42.16

3.56

1.65

2.77

    

3.56

  

4.85

4.85

      

6.35

9.70

40

1 1/2”

48.26

3.68

1.65

2.77

    

3.68

  

5.08

5.08

      

7.14

10.15

50

2”

60.33

3.91

1.65

2.77

    

3.91

  

5.54

5.54

      

9.74

11.07

65

2 1/2”

73.03

5.16

2.11

3.05

    

5.16

  

7.01

7.01

      

9.53

14.02

80

3”

88.90

5.49

2.11

3.05

    

5.49

  

7.62

7.62

      

11.13

15.24

90

3 1/2”

101.60

5.74

2.11

3.05

    

5.74

  

8.08

8.08

          

100

4”

114.30

6.02

2.11

3.05

    

6.02

  

8.56

8.56

  

11.12

  

13.49

17.12

125

5”

141.30

6.55

2.77

3.40

    

6.55

  

9.53

9.53

  

12.70

  

15.88

19.05

150

6”

168.27

7.11

2.77

3.40

    

7.11

  

10.97

10.97

  

14.27

  

18.26

21.95

200

8”

219.08

8.18

2.77

3.76

  

6.35

8.18

10.31

12.70

12.70

15.09

19.26

20.62

23.01

22.23

250

10”

273.05

9.27

3.40

4.19

  

6.35

9.27

12.70

12.70

15.09

19.26

21.44

25.40

28.58

25.40

300

12”

323.85

9.53

3.96

4.57

  

6.35

10.31

14.27

12.70

17.48

21.44

25.40

28.58

33.32

25.40

350

14”

355.60

9.53

3.96

4.78

6.35

7.92

11.13

15.09

12.70

19.05

23.83

27.79

31.75

35.71

  

400

16”

406.40

9.53

4.19

4.78

6.35

7.92

12.70

16.66

12.70

21.44

26.19

30.96

36.53

40.49

  

450

18”

457.20

9.53

4.19

4.78

6.35

7.92

14.27

19.05

12.70

23.83

29.36

34.93

39.67

45.24

  

500

20”

508.00

9.53

4.78

5.54

6.35

9.53

15.09

20.62

12.70

26.19

32.54

38.10

44.45

50.01

  

550

22”

558.80

9.53

4.78

5.54

6.35

9.53

  

22.23

12.70

28.58

34.93

41.28

47.63

53.98

  

600

24”

609.60

9.53

5.54

6.35

6.35

9.53

17.48

24.61

12.70

30.96

38.89

46.02

52.37

59.54

  

650

26”

660.40

9.53

    

7.92

12.70

    

12.70

            

Lus Cim: Qhov tuab ntawm phab ntsa yuav txawv raws li txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov yeeb nkab thiab lub peev xwm tsim khoom. Qhov loj me tshwj xeeb sab nraum qhov ntau no muaj thaum thov.

5. Cov Qauv ERW Steel Pipe uas Womic Steel Tsim

Tus Qauv

Cov Qib Kawm Ib Txwm

Daim Ntawv Thov Ib Txwm Muaj
API 5L (Cov Lus Qhia rau Kab Yeeb Nkab)    
API 5L PSL1 / PSL2 GR.B, X42, X52, X60, X65, X70 Kev xa roj thiab roj av, cov kav dej hauv av / ntug dej hiav txwv
ASTM Kab Yeeb Nkab & Cov Yeeb Nkab Qauv    
ASTM A53 (Cov Lus Qhia rau Yeeb Nkab, Hlau, Dub thiab Kub-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded thiab Seamless) Gr.A, Gr.B Dej, roj, pa dej, cua, kev siv cov qauv
ASTM A135 (Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb rau Cov Yeeb Nkab Hlau Uas Muaj Hluav Taws Xob Tiv Thaiv) Gr.A, Gr.B Kev pabcuam dej, roj av, pa dej, kev kho dej
ASTM A252 (Cov Lus Qhia rau Cov Yeeb Nkab Hlau Welded thiab Seamless) Qib 1, Qib 2, Qib 3 Kev tsim kho lub hauv paus, kev tsim kho dej hiav txwv, kev tsim kho choj
ASTM A500 (Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb rau Cov Kav Hlau Carbon Uas Tau Tsim Los Ntawm Txias Thiab Tsis Muaj Qhov Txuas) Gr.A, Gr.B, Gr.C Cov kav dej ua vaj tse, cov thav tsev, cov choj
ASTM A501 (Cov Lus Qhia rau Cov Kav Hlau Carbon Steel Uas Muaj Kub Thiab Tsis Muaj Qhov Txuas) Gr.A, Gr.B Cov ntawv thov hnyav, cov kem, truss
ASTM Boiler & Kub Exchanger (ERW)    
ASTM A178 (Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb rau Cov Hlau Hluav Taws Xob-Kuj-Welded Carbon thiab Carbon-Manganese Steel Boiler Tubes) Qib A, C, D Cov kav dej boiler, cov kav dej superheater
ASTM A214 (Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb rau Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob-Tiv Thaiv-Welded Carbon Steel Heat Exchanger thiab Condenser Tubes) — Cov khoom siv hloov cua sov, cov condenser
ASTM A250 (Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb rau Hluav Taws Xob-Resistance-Welded Ferritic Alloy Steel Boiler thiab Superheater Tubes) T1, T2, T5, T9, T11, T22 Boiler kub thiab superheater
ASTM A334 (Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb rau Seamless thiab Welded Carbon thiab Alloy Steel Tubes rau Kev Pabcuam Kub Qis) Qib 1, Qib 3, Qib 6 Kev pabcuam kub tsawg, cryogenic
Cov Qauv EN / DIN / BS    
EN 10217-1 (Cov kav hlau vuam rau lub hom phiaj siab - Cov kav hlau tsis yog hlau nrog cov khoom kub hauv chav tshwj xeeb) P235TR1, P265TR1 Cov hlab ntsha siab, cov nruas boiler, cov kav dej siab
EN 10217-2 (Cov kav hlau vuam rau lub hom phiaj siab - Cov kav hlau tsis yog hlau thiab hlau sib xyaw nrog cov khoom kub siab tshwj xeeb) P235GH, P265GH, P295GH, P355GH Kub siab, cov raj boiler, cov khoom sib pauv cua sov
EN 10219-1 (Cov hlau hollow uas tau tsim los ntawm kev txias rau cov hom phiaj ntawm kev tsim kho) S235J0H, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H Cov ntawv thov kev tsim kho, kev tsim kho vaj tse, cov choj
EN 10210 (Kub tiav cov qauv hollow seem ntawm cov hlau tsis-alloy thiab cov hlau nplua nuj) S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H S420MH, S460MH Cov seem hollow uas tsis muaj qhov txuas / vuam kub rau cov hom phiaj kev tsim kho, kev tsim kho vaj tse, choj
EN 10025-2 (Cov khoom siv kub dov ntawm cov hlau ua vaj tse - Cov hlau ua vaj tse uas tsis yog hlau sib xyaw) S235JR, S275JR, S355JR, Kev ua haujlwm hlau dav dav, kev tsim kho vaj tse
EN 10255 (Cov kav hlau tsis yog hlau uas tsim nyog rau kev vuam thiab xov) S195T, S235JRTH Dej, roj, dej phwj tuaj, cov kav dej txuas
EN 10305-2 (Cov kav hlau rau kev siv precision - Cov kav hlau kos txias welded) E215, E235, E355 Cov ntawv thov precision, hydraulic cylinders
BS 1387 (Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb rau cov kav hlau thiab cov tubulars uas muaj ntsia hlau thiab ntsia hlau) Chav Kawm A, B, C Dej, roj av, pa dej, scaffolding, yeeb nkab xov
DIN 2458 (Cov kav hlau vuam thiab cov khoom siv - Cov xwm txheej xa khoom dav dav) St37.0, St44.0, St52.0 Cov kav hlau vuam dav dav, cov ntawv thov kev tsim kho
ISO & Lwm Cov Qauv    
ISO 3183 (Kev lag luam roj av thiab roj av - Cov yeeb nkab hlau rau cov kav dej thauj mus los) L245, L290, L360, L415 Cov kav dej roj thiab roj av (ISO sib npaug ntawm API 5L)
ISO 65 (Cov kav hlau rau dej, roj, thiab dej phwj - Cov kav hlau xov) Nruab Nrab, Hnyav Dej, roj, dej phwj tuaj, yeeb nkab xov
CSA G40.21 (Cov hlau zoo - tus qauv Canadian) 44W, 50W Cov ntawv thov kev tsim kho (Canada)
AS 1163 (Cov hlau hollow seem - Australian tus qauv) C250, C350, C450 Cov seem hollow hauv cov qauv (Australia)
GOST 10706 (Cov kav hlau vuam rau cov kav dej thiab cov qauv - tus qauv Lavxias) Txoj Kev 20, Txoj Kev 35, Txoj Kev 45 Cov kav dej, cov ntawv thov kev tsim kho (Russia)

Kev Siv:Kev xa roj thiab roj av, dej thiab dej phwj tuaj, cov haujlwm tsim kho, scaffolding, piling foundation, high pressure fluid, kev ua tshuaj lom neeg, kev tsim hluav taws xob, kev tsim kho, marine engineering, boiler tubes, heat exchangers, superheaters, condensers, low temperature service, precision applications, hydraulic cylinders, threaded pipe systems

6. Cov Txheej Txheem Tsim Khoom - ERW / HFW Cov Yeeb Nkab Hlau

Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Khoom Siv Raw:Cov kauj hlau uas nkag los raug kuaj xyuas seb puas muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg sib xyaw, cov khoom siv kho tshuab, thiab qhov zoo ntawm qhov chaw. Txhua lub kauj hlau muaj tus lej kub tshwj xeeb rau kev taug qab tag nrho.

Kev Tshem Tawm & Kev Sib Tw:Cov kauj vuam raug tshem tawm thiab sib npaug kom tiaj tus kab thiab tshem tawm cov kauj vuam, kom ntseeg tau tias muaj qhov tiaj tiaj rau kev sib xws.

Kev Txiav Ntug thiab Kev Txiav:Ob sab ntug ntawm daim kab xev raug milled kom raug qhov dav kam rau siab (± 0.5 hli), tsim kom muaj qhov chaw huv si, sib luag rau kev tsim cov vuam zoo.

Kev Tsim Txias:Cov kab sib npaug hla dhau los ntawm cov yob uas maj mam ua cov kab tiaj tiaj rau hauv lub plhaub cylindrical qhib.

Kev Vuam Zaus Siab (HFW/ERW):Cov hluav taws xob siab (200-500 kHz) ua rau cov npoo sib txuas kub txog qhov kub forging (1,350-1,500 ° C). Cov yob nias cov npoo kub ua ke, tsim cov hlau forged tsis muaj cov khoom siv ntxiv.

Tshem Tawm Cov Hlua Weld:Lub teeb ci sab hauv thiab sab nraud raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov hniav carbide scarfing thaum kub, tsim kom muaj qhov chaw du nrog qhov kev txhawb nqa weld tsawg kawg nkaus.

Loj:Lub raj xa dej vuam hla dhau cov yob ntsuas kom ua tiav qhov kev kam rau OD tseeb (± 0.5% txog ± 1.0%). Cov yob ntxiv tsim cov duab plaub fab/duab plaub fab yog tias xav tau.

Kev Kho Mob Kub (Xaiv Tau):Kev ua kom zoo li qub ntawm 890-930 ° C yuav raug siv rau kev txhim kho ductility lossis kev ntxhov siab, tsim cov qauv ferrite-pearlite sib xws.

Txiav kom ntev:Cov yeeb nkab raug txiav rau qhov ntev tshwj xeeb siv cov tshuab txiav dav hlau nrog kev tswj hwm qhov tseeb (± 3 hli).

Kev Ntsuas Tsis Ua Rau Puas Tsuaj:

●Kev Ntsuas Ultrasonic (UT):Kev tshuaj xyuas 100% ntawm cov xov hlau thiab lub cev yeeb nkab rau kev laminations, inclusions, thiab tsis muaj fusion.

●Kev Ntsuas Tam Sim No Eddy (ET):Kev tshuaj xyuas zoo ntawm qhov txuas hluav taws xob tas mus li.

●Kev Ntsuas Hydrostatic:Txhua lub yeeb nkab raug kuaj xyuas rau 95% ntawm SMYS yam tsawg kawg nkaus 10 vib nas this.

Xaus Kev Xaus:Cov xaus tiaj tus, cov xaus beveled (30 ° -35 ° nrog 1.6 hli tsaws), lossis cov xaus threaded raws li cov neeg siv khoom qhia.

Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Zaum Kawg & Kev Cim:Kev tshuaj xyuas pom, kev txheeb xyuas qhov loj me (OD, WT, ntev, ncaj), thiab cim tas mus li raws li tus qauv (qib, qhov loj me, tus lej cua sov, chaw tsim khoom).

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7. Kev Tswj Xyuas Zoo & Cov Txheej Txheem Ntsuas

Theem Txoj Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Lub Hom Phiaj
Cov Khoom Siv Raw Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Tshuaj (OES Spectrometer) Xyuas kom meej tias ua raws li cov kev txwv ntawm API 5L
Cov Khoom Siv Raw Kev Ntsuas Tensile Xyuas kom meej tias cov khoom muaj zog, lub zog tensile, thiab elongation
Nyob rau hauv-Txheej Txheem Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Qhov Loj (Micrometers, Calipers) Saib xyuas OD, WT thaum lub sijhawm tsim thiab ntsuas qhov loj
Thaj Chaw Weld Kev Ntsuas Ultrasonic (UT) - Hauv Online Tshawb nrhiav qhov tsis sib txuas ntawm weld, tsis muaj fusion
Thaj Chaw Weld Kev Ntsuas Tam Sim No Eddy (ET) - Hauv Online Kev soj ntsuam xyuas qhov zoo ntawm cov vuam txuas tas mus li
Thaj Chaw Weld Kev Tshawb Xyuas Macro ntawm Weld Seam Txheeb xyuas qhov nkag mus ntawm qhov vuam thiab qhov sib xyaw ua ke
Cov Yeeb Nkab Tiav Lawm Kev Ntsuas Hydrostatic (10 vib nas this ntawm 95% SMYS) Xyuas kom meej tias lub siab ruaj khov thiab qhov xau tsis nruj
Cov Yeeb Nkab Tiav Lawm Kev Ntsuas Ultrasonic (UT) - Off-Line (Xaiv Tau) Kev tshuaj xyuas lub cev tag nrho laminar
Cov Yeeb Nkab Tiav Lawm Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Cov Khoom Sib Nqus (MPI) Kev kuaj pom qhov tawg ntawm qhov chaw (weld thiab HAZ)
Cov Yeeb Nkab Tiav Lawm Kev Ntsuas Qhov Cuam Tshuam ntawm Charpy V-Notch Txheeb xyuas qhov kub qis (PSL2)
Cov Yeeb Nkab Tiav Lawm Kev Ntsuas Qhov Nyuaj (HRC / HV10) Xyuas kom meej qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm qhov nyuaj (kev pabcuam qaub)
Cov Yeeb Nkab Tiav Lawm Kev Ntsuas Khoov Uas Tau Qhia (Lub Ntsej Muag & Hauv Paus) Xyuas kom meej tias qhov vuam ductility thiab soundability
Cov Yeeb Nkab Tiav Lawm Kev Ntsuas Kom Sib Nqus Xyuas kom meej tias lub cev ntawm lub yeeb nkab muaj zog thiab ductility
Cov Yeeb Nkab Tiav Lawm Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Qhov Ntev thiab Kev Pom Xyuas kom tseeb tias OD, WT, ntev, ncaj, thiab zoo ntawm qhov chaw
Cov Yeeb Nkab Tiav Lawm Kev Txheeb Xyuas Kev Cim Xyuas kom meej tias muaj cim tas mus li rau txhua API 5L

Cov Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Ntxiv rau PSL2 / Sour Service:

● Kev Ntsuas HIC (Hydrogen Induced Cracking) raws li NACE TM0284

● Kev Ntsuas SSC (Sulfide Stress Cracking) raws li NACE TM0177 Txoj Kev A

● Kev Ntsuas Kev Cuam Tshuam CVN ntawm -10 ° C, -20 ° C, lossis -46 ° C

● Kev Txheeb Xyuas Qhov Nyuaj (≤ 22 HRC / ≤ 248 HV10 rau HIC tiv taus)

Cov Ntaub Ntawv Zoo:

● Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj Xeem Zeb raws li EN 10204 Hom 2.2, 3.1, lossis 3.2

● Daim Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Ntsuas Hydrostatic (yeeb nkab los ntawm yeeb nkab)

● Daim Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Tshuaj Xyuas UT / ET

Kev taug qab los ntawm tus lej cua sov mus rau cov yeeb nkab tiav

8. Cov Ntawv Thov Tseem Ceeb ERW Steel Pipe

Cov kav dej ERW yog cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv kev xa roj thiab roj thiab ntau yam kev siv hauv kev lag luam:

Kev Kis Roj thiab Roj Av:Cov kav dej ntev hauv hiav txwv thiab ntug dej hiav txwv rau cov roj nyoos, roj av, thiab cov khoom siv roj av ua kom huv.

Kev Thauj Mus Los Ntawm Cov Kua Dej Siab Siab:Cov kab txhaj dej, cov txheej txheem pov tseg dej tsim tawm, thiab kev hloov cov kua dej siab hauv cov chaw roj thiab cov chaw ua khoom.

Cov Haujlwm Pipeline Onshore:Cov kab sib sau ua ke hla lub teb chaws, cov kab loj, thiab cov kav xa khoom hauv cov teb roj thiab roj av.

Cov Txheej Txheem Dej Num Hauv Dej:Cov kab dej ntws hauv qab dej hiav txwv, cov kav dej nce, thiab cov kav dej xa tawm rau cov platforms hauv hiav txwv thiab cov kev ua tiav hauv qab dej hiav txwv (nrog PSL2 thiab cov kev xaiv kev pabcuam sour).

Cov Chaw Pabcuam Qab Zib:Cov kav dej uas tuav cov roj ntub dej (muaj H₂S) xav tau PSL2 nrog rau cov kev cai ntxiv suav nrog HIC thiab SSC tsis kam raws li NACE cov qauv.

Kev Kis Dej:Cov kav dej loj, cov tshuab dej, thiab kev xa dej nyoos rau kev siv hauv nroog thiab kev lag luam.

Kev Kho Dej Phwj Tuaj thiab Dej Khib Nyhiab:Cov kav dej phwj tuaj, cov kav dej kho dej, thiab cov tshuab tswj cov sludge.

Cov Ntawv Thov Kev Lag Luam:Cov yeeb nkab racks, cov kev txhawb nqa, bracing, thiab cov khoom siv hauv cov chaw ua roj, cov nroj tsuag petrochemical, thiab cov chaw lag luam.

Cov Chaw Ua Roj thiab Roj Av:Cov kab ntws, cov taub hau, cov manifolds, thiab cov kav dej sib txuas hauv cov chaw ua khoom thiab cov chaw compressor.

EPC & Cov Kav Dej Cog:Cov txheej txheem thiab cov kav dej siv hluav taws xob hauv cov chaw ua roj, cov chaw ua roj, cov chaw tsim tshuaj lom neeg, thiab cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob.

9. Ntim & Xa Khoom

Cov kav dej ERW raug ntim thiab xa nrog kev saib xyuas zoo tshaj plaws kom ntseeg tau tias lawv tiv thaiv thaum lub sijhawm thauj mus los. Nov yog cov lus piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntim khoom thiab xa khoom:

Ntim:

Kev Tiv Thaiv Txheej:Ua ntej ntim khoom, cov kav dej yuav raug txheej nrog ib txheej roj tiv thaiv xeb lossis cov xim pleev xim tiv thaiv kom tiv thaiv kev xeb thiab kev ua kom tsis txhob muaj kuab paug thaum lub sijhawm khaws cia thiab thauj mus los. Cov xim tsis muaj dab tsi kuj muaj rau kev pleev xim tam sim ntawd ntawm qhov chaw mus.

Kev Muab Ua Ib Pawg:Cov kav dej uas muaj qhov loj thiab cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws raug muab khi ua ke ua cov pob hexagonal lossis cov pob rectangular. Lawv raug khi siv cov hlua hlau (feem ntau yog 3-5 txoj hlua rau ib pob) kom tiv thaiv kev txav mus los hauv pob.

Cov hau kawg:Cov hau yas kawg (PE lossis PP) raug muab tso rau ob qho kawg ntawm txhua lub yeeb nkab los tiv thaiv cov kawg beveled, cov kawg tiaj tus, thiab cov xov sib txuas los ntawm kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev cuam tshuam, cov khib nyiab nkag mus, thiab cov dej noo.

Padding thiab Cushioning:Rau cov xaj xa tawm zoo tshaj plaws, cov ntaub ntawv padding xws li cov nplhaib ua npuas ncauj lossis cov roj hmab strips yuav siv tau ntawm cov txheej yeeb nkab kom tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj thiab kev puas tsuaj thaum lub sijhawm tuav.

Cov Ntoo lossis Cov Thawv Ntoo:Rau cov kav dej nyias nyias, cov kav dej uas raug kho kom raug, lossis cov xaj txheej txheem zoo, cov kav dej yuav raug ntim rau hauv cov thawv ntoo ruaj khov lossis cov thawv plywood kom muab kev tiv thaiv zoo dua rau cov zog sab nraud thiab kev tuav tsis zoo.

Kev Xa Khoom:

Hom Kev Thauj Mus Los:Cov kav dej xa mus los ntawm cov thawv loj (20ft/40ft), cov tsheb thauj khoom loj, lossis kev thauj khoom los ntawm tsheb ciav hlau nyob ntawm qhov chaw mus, qhov ntau npaum li cas, thiab qhov ceev. Kev thauj khoom los ntawm huab cua muaj rau cov qauv lossis cov khoom xa tuaj raws sijhawm.

Kev ntim khoom:Cov xaj me me mus rau nruab nrab tau thauj mus rau hauv cov thawv xa khoom txheem, tiv thaiv cov khoom thauj los ntawm huab cua, dej noo, thiab cov kuab paug sab nraud thaum lub sijhawm thauj mus los.

Kev Thauj Khoom Thoob Plaws:Cov xaj loj (feem ntau >200 tons) tau thauj ncaj qha rau hauv cov tsheb thauj khoom loj. Kev tsa cov nqaj thiab cov pas nrig tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj; dunnage thiab lashing ruaj ntseg cov khoom thauj tiv thaiv kev txav mus los ntawm hiav txwv.

Kev Sau Npe & Cov Ntaub Ntawv:Txhua pob khoom muaj daim ntawv lo qhia meej txog qib, tus qauv, qhov loj me, tus lej cua sov, thiab cov lus qhia txog kev tuav pov hwm. Cov ntaub ntawv tiav (daim ntawv xa khoom lag luam, daim ntawv teev cov khoom ntim, daim ntawv pov thawj xa khoom, Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj Keeb Kwm, Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj Xeem Hoobkas) npaj rau kev tshem tawm kev lis kev cai kom yooj yim.

Kev Ruaj Ntseg Ruaj Ntseg:Cov pob khoom ruaj ntseg nrog cov hlau strapping, cov hnab dunnage, lossis cov ntoo bracing kom tiv thaiv kev txav mus los, dov, lossis kev puas tsuaj thaum lub sijhawm thauj mus los.

Kev Tshawb Xyuas & Kev Pov Hwm:Cov lej taug qab thawv muab rau kev saib xyuas tiag tiag. Kev pov hwm thauj khoom hauv dej hiav txwv (Txhua Qhov Kev Pheej Hmoo lossis Nrog Qhov Nruab Nrab) muaj thaum thov.

Hauv kev xaus lus, Womic Steel ua kom ntseeg tau tias txhua lub kav hlau ERW Steel raug ntim nrog cov kev ntsuas tiv thaiv kev lag luam thiab xa khoom siv cov txheej txheem kev thauj mus los txhim khu kev qha kom mus txog lawv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Cov txheej txheem ntim khoom thiab xa khoom kom raug yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev khaws cia kev ncaj ncees thiab zoo ntawm cov khoom xa tuaj.

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10. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Womic Steel & FAQ

Vim li cas thiaj koom tes nrog Womic Steel?

Ib Qho Chaw Muag Khoom:Muaj cov khoom siv sib xws los ntawm API 5L ERW kav dej mus rau OEM cov khoom siv yeeb nkab (Lub Tes Tsho, Tees, Reducers, Flanges, Caps) hauv cov khoom siv sib xws, suav nrog cov hlau carbon, hlau alloy, thiab hlau stainless.

Kev Ua Raws Cai Txog Kev Siv Tshuab:Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj Xeem Tag Nrho (EN 10204 Hom 2.2, 3.1, lossis 3.2) muab nrog txhua qhov kev xa khoom, qhia txog cov tshuaj lom neeg sib xyaw, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim tshuab, thiab cov ntawv qhia txog kev kuaj tsis puas tsuaj.

Cov Kev Pabcuam Ntxiv:Kev txiav qhov kawg (30°-35°), xov thiab txuas, kev teeb tsa lub hau yas, thiab txheej tiv thaiv xeb (FBE, 3LPE, 3LPP, Epoxy, Galvanizing) muaj nyob rau hauv tsev lossis los ntawm cov chaw koom tes tsim nyog.

Kev Sib Tw Logistics:Kev koom tes ua lag luam nrog cov neeg xa khoom thoob ntiaj teb ua kom muaj kev thauj khoom zoo tshaj plaws (ua kom muaj ntau npaum li cas hauv ib lub thawv) thiab kev xa khoom thoob ntiaj teb uas pheej yig nrog lub sijhawm thauj khoom txhim khu kev qha.

Cov Khoom Muag & Muaj Khoom:Muaj ntau yam qauv API 5L X52 (2"-24" OD, Schedule 10-80) uas ua kom lub sijhawm luv luv thiab teb sai rau cov kev xav tau ceev. Cov qhov loj me tshwj xeeb tsim raws li qhov xav tau nrog lub sijhawm ua khoom ib txwm yog 30-45 hnub.

Kev Pabcuam Qab Zib:Muaj peev xwm muab cov kav dej PSL2 nrog kev kuaj HIC thiab SSC raws li NACE cov qauv rau kev siv roj qaub. Kev tswj qhov nyuaj rau ≤ 248 HV10 / ≤ 22 HRC.

Xaiv Womic Steel Group ua koj tus khub txhim khu kev qha rau cov kav dej hlau API 5L X52 ERW zoo thiab kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws. Txais tos nug!

Lub Vas Sab: www.womicsteel.com

Email: sales@womicsteel.com

Xov tooj/WhatsApp/WeChat:

Victor: +86-15575100681

Nkaus: +86-18390957568

 

Cov Lus Nug Feem Ntau (FAQ)

Q: Qhov txawv ntawm EN 10217 P235GH thiab EN 10216 P235GH yog dab tsi?

A: EN 10217 npogvuamCov kav hlau (ERW / HFW txheej txheem), thaum EN 10216 npogtsis muaj qhov tsis sib xwscov kav hlau. Ob qho qauv qhia txog qib P235GH nrog cov kev xav tau tshuaj lom neeg thiab kev kho tshuab zoo sib xws. EN 10217 (welded) feem ntau pheej yig dua thiab muaj nyob rau hauv qhov ntev dua. EN 10216 (seamless) yog qhov yuav tsum tau rau cov ntawv thov siab dua lossis qhov twg txoj hlua khi tsis raug tso cai los ntawm cov cai tsim. Rau feem ntau ntawm cov ntawv thov boiler thiab cov hlab siab, ob qho tib si yog qhov txais tau; txawm li cas los xij, seamless feem ntau nyiam rau kev pabcuam siab tseem ceeb.

Q: Qhov kub siab tshaj plaws rau P235GH yog dab tsi?

A: P235GH yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm tas mus li ntawm qhov kub thiab txias txog li400°CRau qhov kub ntawm 400 ° C thiab 500 ° C, P265GH lossis 16Mo3 (hlau alloy) raug pom zoo. Rau qhov kub siab tshaj 500 ° C, cov qib alloy siab dua xws li 13CrMo4-5 lossis 10CrMo9-10 yuav tsum tau xav txog. Ib txwm sab laj nrog cov lej tsim qauv siv tau (EN 13445, ASME Seem I, thiab lwm yam) rau cov kev txwv kub tshwj xeeb raws li phab ntsa tuab thiab cov xwm txheej kev pabcuam.

Q: P235GH puas siv tau rau ASME Code applications?

A: P235GH tsis tau teev ncaj qha rau hauv ASME Tshooj II (ASME cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog khoom siv). Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau txais dav rau cov haujlwm thoob ntiaj teb raws li cov qauv EN. Rau ASME Code stamping, cov ntaub ntawv sib npaug suav nrog SA-106 GR.B (seamless) lossis SA-53 GR.B (welded) nrog cov khoom sib piv tab sis kev tsim qauv sib txawv tso cai. Rau cov haujlwm xav tau cov ntaub ntawv ASME, peb tuaj yeem muab SA-106 GR.B lossis SA-178 GR.A ua lwm txoj hauv kev. Thov muab koj cov lus qhia txog qhov project rau kev xaiv cov khoom siv kom raug.

Q: Qhov txawv ntawm P235GH thiab P265GH yog dab tsi?

A: P235GH muaj qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 235 MPa, thaum P265GH muaj 265 MPa (lub zog siab dua). P235GH muaj qhov zoo dua formability thiab weldability vim muaj cov pa roj carbon tsawg dua (0.16% max vs 0.20% max). P235GH feem ntau yog siv rau qhov kub thiab txias nruab nrab / siab daim ntawv thov (boiler nruas, cua sov sib pauv). P265GH yog siv rau qhov siab dua daim ntawv thov qhov twg xav tau lub zog ntxiv. Ob leeg muaj cov kev txwv kub zoo sib xws (400 ° C).

Q: Yuav tsum muaj kev sim tsis ua puas tsuaj (NDT) dab tsi rau EN 10217 P235GH?

A: Rau TC1 (Qeb Xeem 1): Yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas thiab kuaj hydrostatic. Rau TC2 (Qeb Xeem 2): Yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas, kuaj hydrostatic, thiab kuaj 100% tsis ua puas (UT lossis ET) ntawm qhov vuam seam. Rau cov ntawv thov siab tseem ceeb, TC2 feem ntau yog teev tseg. Womic Steel tuaj yeem muab ob qho tib si TC1 thiab TC2 theem. Rau EN 10204 3.2 daim ntawv pov thawj, TC2 nrog cov neeg ua tim khawv thib peb feem ntau yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua.

Q: Qhov ntev tshaj plaws rau EN 10217 P235GH ERW yeeb nkab yog dab tsi?

A: Peb muab cov qauv ntev ruaj khov ntawm 6 meters thiab 12 meters (kwv yees li 20 thiab 40 feet) rau txoj kab uas hla mus txog 610mm (24 "). Rau txoj kab uas hla me dua (qis dua 168mm / 6"), kev cai ntev txog 18 meters (60 feet) muaj thaum thov. Rau cov ntawv thov boiler thiab cov cua sov hloov pauv uas xav tau qhov ntev U-bend tshwj xeeb, peb tuaj yeem sib koom tes nrog cov chaw khoov khub. Thov muab koj cov kev xav tau ntev tshwj xeeb.

Q: Koj puas tuaj yeem muab kev tshuaj xyuas sab nraud rau cov kav dej EN 10217 P235GH?

A: Yog. Peb txais tos thiab pab txhawb kev tshuaj xyuas los ntawm DNV, BV, SGS, TÜV, ABS, LR, lossis lwm tus neeg sawv cev uas cov neeg siv khoom xaiv tsa thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom (pom hydrotest, UT/ET, kev tshuaj xyuas qhov ntev) thiab ua ntej xa khoom. 3.2 daim ntawv pov thawj tshuaj xyuas uas tau lees paub los ntawm cov koom haum thib peb tau tso cai raug muab tas li thaum thov. Rau kev ua raws li European pressure equipment directive (PED), peb muab CE cim thiab Declaration of Performance (DoP).

Q: Lub sijhawm ua khoom siv rau EN 10217 P235GH ERW kav dej yog dab tsi?

A: Lub sijhawm ua tus qauv rau cov qhov loj me ntawm cov khoom lag luam (cov kab uas hla thiab cov tuab ntawm phab ntsa) yog kwv yees li 15-25 hnub. Rau cov qhov loj me uas tsis yog khoom lag luam lossis cov qhov loj me uas raug cai, lub sijhawm ua tus qauv yog kwv yees li 30-45 hnub txij li hnub lees paub qhov kev txiav txim. Rau TC2 nrog 100% NDT, ntxiv 5-10 hnub. Rau kev tshuaj xyuas sab nraud (3.2 daim ntawv pov thawj), ntxiv 10-15 hnub rau kev teem sijhawm thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Cov xaj maj (15-20 hnub) tej zaum yuav muaj rau cov khoom me me ntawm cov qhov loj me. Thov hu rau peb rau lub sijhawm ua tus qauv tam sim no.

Q: Koj muab cov ntawv pov thawj thiab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj dab tsi nrog cov khoom xa tuaj ntawm P235GH?

A: Txhua qhov kev xa khoom muaj cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog: Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj Xeem Mill ib EN 10204 Hom 3.1 (lossis Hom 2.2 / 3.2 thaum thov) suav nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg sib xyaw, cov khoom tensile, cov khoom kub siab, thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim cuam tshuam; Daim Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Xeem Hydrostatic; Daim Ntawv Qhia NDT (UT/ET) rau TC2 xaj; Daim Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Qhov Ntev; CE Marking thiab Declaration of Performance (DoP) rau kev lag luam European; Daim Ntawv Teev Khoom; Daim Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Lag Luam; Daim Ntawv Them Nqi; thiab Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj Keeb Kwm (yog tias xav tau).

Q: Koj puas muab kev pabcuam txiav-rau-ntev thiab U-bend rau P235GH raj?

A: Yog. Peb muab kev txiav kom raug rau qhov ntev uas cov neeg siv khoom teev tseg nrog kev kam rau siab (feem ntau ± 3 hli) thiab qhov kawg huv si, tsis muaj burr. Rau cov ntawv thov hloov pauv cua sov, peb tuaj yeem sib koom tes nrog cov chaw khoov rau cov raj U-bend (khoov txias) nrog kev tswj hwm qhov khoov radii thiab qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ovality. Cov raj U-bend tuaj yeem muab nrog lossis tsis muaj annealing tom qab khoov. Thov muab koj cov duab kos khoov rau cov kev xav tau kev cai.

Q: Qhov txawv ntawm normalized (+ N) thiab as-welded delivery condition yog dab tsi?

A: Kev kho cua sov (+N) (890-930 ° C) tsim cov qauv ferrite-pearlite sib xws, txhim kho ductility thiab toughness, thiab txo cov kev ntxhov siab vuam seem. Raws li-welded mob muaj cov kev ntxhov siab seem siab dua thiab tej zaum yuav muaj cov qauv noob tsis sib xws. Rau cov ntawv thov siab,ua kom zoo li qubfeem ntau yuav tsum tau ua raws li EN 10217-2 kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws rau kev pabcuam kub siab. Womic Steel muab P235GH hauv qhov xwm txheej ib txwm ua tus qauv rau kev siv siab.

  • Yav dhau los:
  • Tom ntej no:

    • Cov Khoom Sib Xws

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