1. Lub Hom Phiaj
Txhawm rau kom ua raws li cov txheej txheem electroless nickel plating, kev tswj hwm parameter, thiab cov kev cai zoo, kom ntseeg tau tias cov txheej txheem ruaj khov uas ua tau raws li cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb.
2. Qhov ntau thiab tsawg
Siv tau rau electroless nickel plating ntawm carbon steel, stainless steel, thiab copper alloys. Tsis siv tau rau magnesium alloys, titanium alloys, lossis lwm yam txheej txheem tshwj xeeb.
3. Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Cai
- • GB/T 13913-2008 – Cov txheej txheem ua los ntawm cov hlau nickel-phosphorus uas siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob
- • GB/T 6461-2002 – Kev ntsuas ntawm cov qauv kuaj thiab cov khoom siv hlau thiab lwm yam txheej txheem inorganic ntawm cov khoom siv hlau tom qab kuaj xeb
- • ASTM B733-18 – Cov Qauv Txheem rau Autocatalytic (Electroless) Nickel-Phosphorus Coatings
- • ISO 4527:2003 – Cov txheej txheem hlau – Autocatalytic (electroless) nickel-phosphorus alloy coatings
- • GB/T 5270-2005 – Cov xim hlau pleev rau ntawm cov khoom siv hlau – Cov xim electroplated thiab cov tshuaj pleev uas tau tso rau hauv cov tshuaj – Cov txheej txheem sim kev nplaum
4. Txoj Cai Txheej Txheem
Electroless nickel plating yog ib qho txheej txheem autocatalytic chemical deposition uas sodium hypophosphite txo cov Ni²⁺ ions los ua ib txheej Ni-P alloy.
Cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv:
- • Kev ua kom tsis muaj zog anodized: H₂PO₂⁻ + H₂O → H₂PO₃⁻ + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻
- • Cathodic txo: Ni²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Ni
- • Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm phosphorus: H₂PO₂⁻ + 2H⁺ + e⁻ → P + 2H₂O
Kev faib tawm txheej txheem los ntawm cov ntsiab lus phosphorus:
| Hom | Cov ntsiab lus phosphorus |
| Qis-P | 1–5% |
| Nruab Nrab-P | 5–10% |
| Siab-P | 10–15% |
5. Cov Txheej Txheem
Kev Tshuaj Xyuas → Tshem Tawm Roj → Yaug Kub → Yaug Dej → Yaug Dej → Yaug → Yaug → Ua Kom Muaj Zog → Yaug Dej → Yaug DI → Yaug Dej Tsis Muaj Hluav Taws Xob → Rov Qab Los → Yaug Dej 3-theem → Yaug Dej Passivation → Yaug DI → Ziab → Tshuaj Xyuas → Ntim Khoom
6. Cov Txheej Txheem Tseem Ceeb
| Cov Qauv | Kev tswj ntau yam | Cov Lus Cim |
| Kev sib xyaw ntawm Ni²⁺ | 8–12 g/L | Pom zoo kom siv 9–10 g/L |
| Sodium hypophosphate | 25–35 g/L | Qhov piv ntawm cov molar rau Ni²⁺: 2.5–3.5:1 |
| Tus neeg sawv cev ua kom sib xyaw (sodium citrate) | 30–40 g/L | Ua kom cov nickel ions ruaj khov |
| Tsis muaj zog (sodium acetate) | 15–25 g/L | Tswj tau pH stability |
| Tus nqi pH | 4.5–5.5 (Nruab Nrab/siab-P) | Kho nrog ammonia los yog sodium carbonate |
| Kub | 85–90 ℃ | Qhov zoo tshaj plaws 88 ± 1 ℃ |
| Thauj khoom | 0.5–1.5 dm²/L | Kev thauj khoom ntau dua txo qhov nqi tso tawm |
| Tus nqi tso tawm | 15–25 μm/teev | Txo qis thaum da dej laus zuj zus |
| Lub Sijhawm | 15–60 feeb | Nyob ntawm qhov xav tau tuab |
| Kev ntxhov siab | Cua tshuab lossis cua qis | Kev txav mus los yog kev ncig ntawm cov khoom ua haujlwm pom zoo |
| Kev lim dej | Kev lim dej tas mus li, qhov ntsuas 5–10 μm | Tshem tawm cov khoom me me, tiv thaiv kev ua pitting |
7. Cov Lus Qhia Txog Khoom & Kev Muaj Peev Xwm Txheej
7.1 Qhov Loj ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Ua Haujlwm
| Khoom | Cov Qauv |
| Qhov loj tshaj plaws | 1500 × 800 × 600 hli |
| Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus | 5 × 5 × 5 hli |
| Qhov hnyav tshaj plaws | 200 kg |
| Qhov hnyav tsawg kawg nkaus | 1 g |
7.2 Lub peev xwm txheej tuab
| Hom | Qhov tuab ntau yam | Daim ntawv thov ib txwm muaj |
| Cov khoom siv precision | 5–10 μm | Cov xov, cov tub ntxhais valve, cov khoom siv hydraulic |
| Cov khoom txheem | 10–50 μm | Cov khoom siv tiv taus xeb thiab hnav dav dav |
| Txheej tuab | 50–100 μm | Kev kho kom zoo nkauj, qhov chaw muaj kuab paug hnyav |
Kev sib xws: ± 10% (cov khoom dav dav); ± 15% (cov duab nyuaj)
7.3 Cov Khoom Txheej Txheem
| Vaj tse | Raws li-plated | Kho cua sov (400 ℃ × 1 teev) | Cov Lus Cim |
| Qhov nyuaj (HV) | ≥500 HV | ≥800 HV | Kev kho cua sov ua rau kom tawv dua |
| Kev nplaum | ≤ Qib 1 (GB / T 5270) | — | Tsis muaj tev tawv, tsis muaj flaking |
| Kev sim tshuaj tsuag ntsev (NSS, 5% NaCl, 35 ℃) | ≥24 teev (Nruab nrab-P) ≥72 teev (High-P) | — | Ib tus neeg siv khoom xav tau |
| Qhov porosity | ≤1 taw tes/cm² | — | Feem ntau tsis muaj qhov ntxeem tau ≥25 μm |
| Kev tiv taus | 50–100 μΩ·cm | 30–60 μΩ·cm | — |
Kev kho cua sov: 400 ℃ ± 10 ℃, 1 teev, cua / cua sov txias.
8. Muaj Peev Xwm Ntau Lawm
| Khoom | Peev Xwm |
| Ib lub tank ntim | 2–5 m³ |
| Qhov hnyav ua pawg | 500–1500 kg |
| Muaj peev xwm txhua hnub | 3–8 tons |
| Muaj peev xwm txhua hli | 80–200 tons |
Lus Cim: Lub peev xwm tiag tiag nyob ntawm seb geometry, thickness, da dej laus npaum li cas.
9. Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Zoo
9.1 Cov Khoom Tshuaj Xyuas
| Khoom | Txoj Kev | Zaus | Cov qauv lees txais |
| Qhov tuab | XRF / metallographic microscope | ≥3 cov ntsiab lus ib qho khoom siv ib pawg | Ntsib daim duab kos; max dev ≤10% |
| Qhov nyuaj | HV0.1 qhov nyuaj me me | Ib zaug rau ib lub sijhawm ua haujlwm | ≥500 HV (raws li-plated); ≥800 HV (HT) |
| Kev nplaum | Cov ntaub ntawv/khoov/txiav hla + daim kab xev | 1 daim ib pawg | Qib ≤1, tsis muaj tev tawv |
| Qhov tsos | Pom kev (lub teeb txheem) | 100% | Sib npaug kaj; tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo |
| Tshuaj tsuag ntsev | NSS 5% NaCl, 35 ℃ | Ib pawg/hloov pauv | Nruab Nrab-P ≥24 teev; Siab-P ≥72 teev |
| Cov ntsiab lus phosphorus | EDS / tshuaj lom neeg | Da dej tshiab txhua lub lim tiam / tshiab | 1–5% / 5–10% / 10–15% |
9.2 Kev Faib Tawm Qhov Zoo Li Cas
| Qib | Kev piav qhia |
| Qib A | Teeb ci ntsa iab / semi-ci ntsa iab, tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo |
| Qib B | Me ntsis dej/cim khib, tsis muaj qhov/tawv tawv |
| Qib C | Me ntsis tsis meej/xim txawv, ua haujlwm tau zoo |
| Tsis lees txais | Pitting, tev tawv, hla plating, hlawv, xim sib txawv heev |
10. Kev daws teeb meem
| Teeb meem | Tej zaum yuav muaj teeb meem | Kev daws teeb meem |
| Kev nplaum tsis zoo | Kev tshem roj/kev sib xyaw tsis tiav; kev ua haujlwm tsis txaus | Txhim kho kev kho ua ntej; txuas ntxiv kev ua haujlwm |
| Pitting/roughness | Cov khoom me me hauv chav dej; cov pH siab precipitates | Txhim kho kev lim dej (5 μm); txo qis pH |
| Txheej xim av/grey | Ni²⁺/hypophosphite qis; pH/kub qis | Ntxiv cov tshuaj lom neeg; pH 4.8–5.2; cua sov rau 88 ℃ |
| hla plating | Kev ua kom tsis muaj zog hauv zos; cov roj / oxide seem | Txhim kho kev ua haujlwm; rov ua kom cov roj rov qab zoo dua |
| Tus nqi tso qis | Kub qis/Ni²⁺/reducer; tawm pH; laus da dej | Ua kom sov txog 88–90 ℃; kho pH; da dej tshiab |
| Kev rhuav tshem chav dej | Kub dhau; pH siab; ntxiv sai; thauj khoom tsawg | Tsum tsis txhob ua kom sov; txo pH; dilute da dej |
11. Kev Nyab Xeeb
- • PPE: Cov hnab looj tes uas muaj kua qaub/alkali, cov tsom iav tiv thaiv qhov muag, cov ntaub npog qhov ncauj, cov khoom siv ua pa (ammonia/acids).
- • Kev khaws cia tshuaj lom neeg: Cais cov nickel sulfate, hypophosphite, acids, alkalis; kom deb ntawm cov cua sov/reducers.
- • Kev Txwv: Tsis txhob sib tov cov kua qaub (concentrated acid) + hypophosphite (phosphine lom). Yaj cov khoom khov hauv dej DI ua ntej.
- • Kev ua pa: Cov pa tawm hauv zos saum cov thoob dej (tshem tawm hydrogen).
- • Xwm txheej ceev: Ntxuav qhov muag, da dej, tshuaj tua hmoov qhuav/CO₂, lub tshuab ua pa, cov khoom siv rau kev nchuav.
12. Kev Tiv Thaiv Ib puag ncig
- • Dej khib nyiab: Cov dej khib nyiab Ni sib cais; cov av noo pH 9–10 + PAC/PAM; Ni <0.5 mg/L.
- • Cov khib nyiab txaus ntshai: Cov dab dej siv lawm, cov lim dej, cov tshuaj ua kom lub zog ua haujlwm, cov av noo Ni - pov tseg raws li daim ntawv tso cai nrog cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj.
- • Cov Pa Tawm: Ua kom muaj cua nkag mus tas li; saib xyuas ammonia/hydrogen raws li GB 16297.
- • Zog/dej: Rwb thaiv cov thoob dej; yaug cov dej ntws rov qab; rov ua kom muaj zog.
13. Cov Khoom Siv Hauv Da Dej (Nruab Nrab Phosphorus, Cov Khoom Dav Dav)
| Tshuaj lom neeg | Kev Ntsuas | Kev Ua Haujlwm |
| NiSO₄·6H₂O | 25–35 g/L | Cov ntsev tseem ceeb, qhov chaw Ni²⁺ |
| NaH₂PO₂·H₂O | 25–35 g/L | Tus neeg sawv cev txo qis, P qhov chaw |
| Na₃C₆H₅O₇·2H₂O | 30–40 g/L | Tus neeg sawv cev ua kom sib xyaw |
| CH₃COONa·3H₂O | 15–25 g/L | pH tsis muaj zog |
| Lactic/propionic acid | 5–10 mL/L | Lub tshuab ua kom nrawm |
| Stabilizer (thiourea) | 1–2 mg/L | Tiv thaiv kev lwj |
Kev pleev kom zoo nkauj:
1. Yaj NiSO₄, citrate, acetate hauv 1/3 DI dej, 60 ℃.
2. Yaj cov hypophosphite + lactic acid rau hauv lwm 1/3.
3. Muab sib xyaw ua ke, sau kom txog thaum muaj pH 4.8–5.2.
4. Ntxiv cov stabilizer, cua sov rau 88 ℃, lim, phaj sim.
14. Cov Khoom Siv & Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Muaj Peev Xwm
14.1 Cov Khoom Siv Tseem Ceeb
| Cov khoom siv | Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb |
| Lub tank plating | PP/PVC lined, cua sov, tswj tau kub |
| Kev lim dej | Twj tso kua qaub uas tiv taus kua qaub + lub tsev, 5–10 μm, 1–3 × / teev |
| Kev tswj kub | PID, ± 1 ℃ |
| Qhov cub kom qhuav | Cua kub, 60–120 ℃ |
| Lub tshuab ntxuav ultrasonic | 40 kHz, lub zog hloov kho tau |
| DI dej | ≥10 MΩ·cm |
14.2 Cov Khoom Siv Tshuaj Xyuas
| Cov khoom siv | Kev Tseeb/Tus Qauv |
| XRF tuab | 0–200 μm, ±0.1 μm |
| Kev nyuaj me me | 10–1000 gf, GB/T 4340.1 |
| Chav tsuag ntsev | GB/T 10125, ≥200 L |
| Lub tshuab kuaj hlau | 100–1000 ×, micrometer |
| Lub ntsuas pH | ± 0.02, kev them nyiaj rau qhov kub thiab txias |
| Kev sib npaug ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas | 0.01 g |
15. Cov Ntaub Ntawv thiab Kev Taug Qab
- •Cov ntaub ntawv tsim khoom:Qhov tsis muaj., qhov ntau, kub, pH, lub sijhawm, tuab, tus neeg teb xov tooj.
- •Cov ntaub ntawv da dej:Ni²⁺ txhua hnub, hypophosphite, pH; ntxiv; lim/ntxuav.
- •Cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj xyuas:Thickness, hardness, adhesion, tsos, ntsev tsuag.
- •Kev Txij Nkawm:Kev kho kom raug, kev saib xyuas lub twj tso kua mis, kev tshem tawm cov av nplaum, kev kuaj xyuas kiv cua (txhua peb lub hlis).
Kev Khaws Cia:≥3 xyoos (≥10 xyoos rau tsheb/kho mob). Taug qab mus rau batch/da dej voj voog.
16. Cov Kev Cai Ntxiv
- • Tau tshuaj xyuas txhua xyoo los ntawm Lub Chaw Haujlwm Txuj Ci.
- • Cov kev cai tshwj xeeb ntawm cov neeg siv khoom (ntsev tsuag, qhov nyuaj, kev faib tawm, H-embrittlement) tau sau tseg thiab ua raws li.
- • Cov khoom tshiab: Sim me me ua ntej; tsim ntau ntau tom qab dhau tag nrho cov kev sim.
- • Rau kev tswj hwm kev tsim khoom thiab kev tshuaj xyuas cov neeg siv khoom.
Keeb Kwm Kev Kho Dua Tshiab
| Xibhwb | Hnub Tim | Cov ntsiab lus kho dua tshiab | Pom zoo los ntawm |
| V1.0 | 2024-xx-xx | Kev tso tawm thawj zaug | — |
| V2.0 | 2026-04-30 | Kev hloov kho tag nrho uas tsuas yog lus Askiv xwb | — |
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Tsib Hlis-18-2026