1. Vim li cas ho xaiv Clad Pipe - Thiab Vim li cas Womic Steel ua koj lub chaw tsim khoom?
Ib lub yeeb nkab clad ua ke ibtxheej sab nraud ntawm cov hlau carbon lossis cov hlau tsis tshua muaj zog(uas tswj kev nyuaj siab, kev thauj khoom siv kho tshuab, thiab tus nqi) nrog rautxheej sab hauv uas tiv taus corrosion alloy(uas ncaj qha kov cov kua dej uas muaj zog). Cov qauv txheej ob txheej no txiav cov nqi khoom siv los ntawm 30–60% piv rau cov yeeb nkab CRA khov kho, thaum xa cov kev tiv thaiv xeb thiab lub neej ua haujlwm sib npaug.
Ua ib tugchaw tsim khoom siv yeeb nkab, Womic Steel tsis yog tsuas yog muab cov ntaub ntawv teev cia xwb. Peb pib nrog koj cov txheej txheem mob: H₂S, CO₂, Cl⁻, pH, kub, siab, hydrogen ib feem siab, thiab cov kev xav tau kho tshuab. Tom qab ntawd peb pom zoo kom muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov hlau thaub qab, CRA cladding, thiab cov txheej txheem sib txuas.
Peb qhov kev paub dhau los yog los ntawm cov haujlwm tiag tiag - cov chaw roj av hauv hiav txwv, cov tiebacks hauv dej tob, cov boilers fais fab ultra-supercritical, cov kab hydrogen pilot, thiab CCUS-EOR injection systems. Peb nkag siab tias cov yeeb nkab clad tsis yog khoom muag; nws yog cov khoom tsim.
2. Cov Txheej Txheem Cladding - Peb Yuav Ua Li Cas Txuas Ob Lub Hlau
Tus yuam sij rau cov yeeb nkab uas txhim khu kev qha yogtxoj kev sib txuasntawm cov hlau thaub qab thiab CRA txheej. Hauv qab no yog plaub txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb uas peb siv, qeb duas los ntawm lub zog sib txuas thiab kev siv tau zoo.
2.1 Centrifugal Casting + Kub Extrusion (Seamless Metallurgical Bond)
Nws ua haujlwm li cas:
Lub CRA txheej yog thawj centrifuge pov rau hauv ib lub raj khoob. Lub raj no ces muab tso rau hauv ib lub carbon steel billet, rhuab, thiab co-extruded los ntawm ib tug loj extrusion xovxwm. Thaum kub thiab siab, ob lub hlau diffuse rau hauv ib leeg, tsim ib tug tiag tiag metallurgical daim ntawv cog lus.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm daim ntawv cog lus:
● Lub zog txiav ntawm qhov sib txuas ≥300 MPa (siab tshaj plaws ntawm txhua txoj kev ua haujlwm)
● Tsis muaj qhov txuas ntev - tsis muaj qhov txuas tag nrho
● Cov tuab ntawm cov cladding sib npaug, qhov loj me meej
Zoo tshaj plaws rau:
Cov kab uas me mus rau nruab nrab (≤400mm – ~16″), siab siab, kev hloov pauv kub hnyav, kev pabcuam hydrogen, cov raj boiler, cov raj downhole, cov khoom siv hloov pauv cua sov U-khoov.
2.2 Kev Sib Txuas Kub Kub + JCOE / UOE Tsim
Nws ua haujlwm li cas:
Ib daim hlau CRA thiab ib daim hlau carbon raug ntxuav, muab tso rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev, kaw, cua sov, thiab dhau los ntawm lub tshuab dov. Ntau daim dov dhau los tsim ib qho kev sib txuas hlau. Daim hlau clad ces raug tsim ua yeeb nkab siv JCOE (JCO-Edge) lossis UOE nias tsim, ua raws li kev vuam seam ntev.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm daim ntawv cog lus:
● Lub zog txiav ntawm qhov sib txuas 200–260 MPa
● Muaj peev xwm loj heev (txog li 1,800mm / 72″)
● Ntev ib leeg (txog li 24m lossis ntau dua)
● Muaj ib txoj hlua khi ntev (yuav tsum tau tsim nyog thiab NDT tshuaj xyuas)
Zoo tshaj plaws rau:
Cov kav dej loj uas ntev thiab dav, cov kav dej hauv qab dej tob, cov kav dej loj, thiab cov kav dej nce. Qhov no yog cov txheej txheem siv dav tshaj plaws rau cov kav dej uas tau ntawv pov thawj API 5LD.
2.3 Kev Tiv Thaiv Cov Khoom Phom Loj + Kev Dov Phaj
Nws ua haujlwm li cas:
Ib daim phaj CRA raug muab tso rau saum ib daim phaj hlau carbon uas muaj qhov sib txawv uas tau xam, ces npog nrog cov khoom tawg. Qhov kev tawg ua rau daim phaj CRA mus rau hauv daim phaj thaub qab ntawm qhov ceev ceev, tsim kom muaj kev sib txuas wavy, metallurgical. Daim phaj clad ces dov thiab welded rau hauv yeeb nkab.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm daim ntawv cog lus:
● Qhov sib txuas ua ke nrog lub zog sib txuas zoo heev (200–280 MPa)
● Muaj peev xwm txuas cov hlau sib txawv uas nyuaj rau dov (piv txwv li, titanium rau hlau, zirconium rau hlau)
● Qhov loj ntawm lub phaj raug txwv los ntawm qhov chaw tawg; yuav tsum tau vuam tom qab ntawd
Zoo tshaj plaws rau:
Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv txawv teb chaws: titanium/hlau, zirconium/hlau, tantalum/hlau rau cov kav dej tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov khoom sib pauv cua sov.
2.4 Cov Khoom Siv Kho Tshuab (Tsis Pom Zoo Rau Kev Pabcuam Tseem Ceeb)
Nws ua haujlwm li cas:
Ib lub raj CRA liner yog txias-nthuav dav lossis hydraulically nthuav dav hauv ib lub yeeb nkab carbon steel. Ob txheej nyob ua ke los ntawm kev cuam tshuam haum (hoop kev ntxhov siab).
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm daim ntawv cog lus:
●Tsis muaj kev sib txuas ntawm cov hlau– tsuas yog kev sib cuag lub cev xwb
● Lub zog sib txuas <10 MPa
● Cov ntaub thaiv sab hauv yuav ntsws, tawg, lossis tawg thaum muaj cua sov lossis lub zog nias
Thaum peb siv nws:
Tsuas yog rau qhov kub qis, siab qis, tsis muaj voj voog, tsis muaj kev co, thiab tsuas yog thaum tus neeg siv khoom lees txais cov kev txwv. Peb ib txwm piav qhia txog cov kev pheej hmoo piv rau cov yeeb nkab uas tau sib txuas ua ke los ntawm hlau.
Peb qhov kev pom zoo:Rau txhua yam kev pabcuam roj thiab roj av tseem ceeb, hydrogen, lossis dej tob, xaiv cov yeeb nkab uas tau sib txuas ua ke los ntawm hlau - tsis yog cov yeeb nkab uas tau sib txuas ua ke los ntawm tshuab.
3. Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Xaiv Cov Txheej Txheem - Cov Lus Qhia Ceev
| Cov Txheej Txheem Sib Txuas | Hom Nyiaj Txiag | Lub zog txiav | Tsis sib txuas? | Qhov siab tshaj plaws OD | Daim Ntawv Thov Zoo Tshaj Plaws |
| Centrifugal + Extrusion | Kev lag luam hlau | ≥300 MPa | Yog (tsis muaj xov ntev) | ≤400 hli | Kev caij tsheb kauj vab kub siab, H₂, txoj kab uas hla me me |
| Kub Roll Bond + JCOE | Kev lag luam hlau | 200–260 MPa | Tsis yog (ib txoj hlua ntev) | ≤1800 hli | Cov kav dej loj uas muaj txoj kab uas hla loj, hauv qab dej hiav txwv |
| Tawg + Dov | Kev lag luam hlau | 200–280 MPa | Tsis yog (ib txoj hlua ntev) | ≤1200 hli | Titanium / Zirconium txheej |
| Cov Khoom Siv Kho Tshuab | Lub cev (tsis muaj kev sib txuas) | <10 MPa | No | ≤800 hli | Kev pheej hmoo tsawg, kev siv ib ntus tsawg |
Womic Steel tsom mus raucentrifugal + extrusion (seamless)thiabKub dov bonded + JCOEua peb txoj kev tsim cov yeeb nkab clad tseem ceeb. Peb subcontract explosive cladding rau cov kev thov tshwj xeeb alloy, ib txwm nrog kev tswj hwm zoo tag nrho.
4. Cov Khoom Siv Sib Xyaws Ib Txwm Muaj (Raws Li Kev Tsim Khoom Tiag)
| Ref | Hlau thaub qab | CRA Cladding | Kev Pabcuam Ib Txwm Muaj |
| #1 | P265GH (EN10216 2) | TP304L | Boiler qis kub superheater, tshuaj lom neeg kub exchanger |
| #2 | X10CrMoVNb9 1 (T91) | UNS N08028 (Alloy 28) | Ultra supercritical boiler qhov kub siab seem, cov kav dej petrochemical corrosive heev |
| #3 | P265GH | UNS N08825 (Incoloy 825) | Kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov roj qaub, cov khoom siv hloov pauv cua sov siab |
| #4 | API 5L X65 | Inconel 625 (UNS N06625) | Cov roj thiab roj av tob tob, cov kab dej ntws hauv qab dej hiav txwv |
| #5 | API 5L X65MS | Duplex 2205 | Kev txhaj tshuaj dej hiav txwv, muaj cov tshuaj chloride ntau + CO₂ ib puag ncig |
| #6 | ASTM A333 Qib 6 | 316L | Qhov kub qis (-45°C) kev pabcuam qaub |
| #7 | API 5L X70 | 316L | Kev xa roj av zoo nrog kev pabcuam ntub dej qee zaum |
| #8 | ASTM A335 P11 | 904L | Cov kab ua kom sov kub nrog cov tshuaj sulfur / chloride |
Peb tuaj yeem phim txhua yam kev sib xyaw ua ke yog tias koj thov. Qhia koj cov kua dej sib xyaw, qhov kub, thiab qhov siab - peb yuav muab kev sib xyaw zoo tshaj plaws.
5. Kev Tswj Xyuas Zoo & Kev Ntsuas - Peb Ua Dab Tsi Rau Txhua Pawg
Ua ib lub chaw tsim khoom yeeb nkab uas muaj lub luag haujlwm, peb siv txoj cai tshuaj xyuas thiab kuaj xyuas kom meej. Cov kev ntsuas hauv qab no siv rau cov yeeb nkab uas tau sib txuas ua ke los ntawm hlau (ob qho tib si seamless thiab welded).
5.1 Kev Txheeb Xyuas Cov Khoom Siv Raw
Kev tshuaj xyuas chemistry:Kev tshuaj xyuas OES spectrometer ntawm ob qho tib si hlau thaub qab thiab CRA cladding ib qho cua sov. Daim ntawv qhia tag nrho suav nrog.
Tensile & cuam tshuam rau cov hlau puag:Cov hlau thaub qab tau kuaj cais; Cov khoom siv CRA tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm daim ntawv pov thawj zeb.
5.2 Kev Tswj Xyuas Zoo Hauv Cov Txheej Txheem & Cov Ntawv Cog Lus
| Kev Ntsuas | Txoj Kev | Cov Qauv Txais Yuav |
| Lub zog txiav ntawm daim ntawv cog lus | Kev sim thawb tawm (kev puas tsuaj, ib qho qauv rau ib pawg ntau lawm) | ≥200 MPa rau kub dov / tawg; ≥300 MPa rau centrifugal + extrusion |
| Kev kuaj ultrasonic (UT) ntawm qhov sib txuas ntawm daim ntawv cog lus | Kev luam theej tag nrho lub cev nrog cov probes calibrated | Tsis muaj kev sib cais > 50 hli; tag nrho kev sib cais ≤ 2% ntawm thaj chaw |
| UT ntawm longitudinal weld (rau welded clad yeeb nkab) | 100% UT ua haujlwm tsis siv neeg + kev txheeb xyuas tes | API 5LD / DNV cov kev cai |
| Kev kuaj xyuas qhov muag thiab qhov ntev | Ntev tag nrho | OD, WT, cladding thickness, ovality, ncaj |
5.3 Kev Ntsuas Tshuab (Ib Qho Kub Los Yog Ib Pawg)
● Kev sib zog hla:Lub zog sib koom ua ke
●Kev sim khoov uas coj los (ntsej muag & cag):Kev vuam ductility (rau cov yeeb nkab welded clad)
●Kev soj ntsuam qhov nyuaj:Hla cladding, kab sib txuas, thiab HAZ
●Kev cuam tshuam ntawm Charpy V-notch:Cov hlau thaub qab ntawm qhov kub thiab txias uas tau teev tseg (0°C, -20°C, -40°C, -60°C)
5.4 Kev Ntsuas Kev Xeb thiab Kev Ntsuas Ntxiv (Thaum Thov)
●Kev xeb ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw:ASTM A262 (rau austenitic cladding)
●Kev tiv thaiv pitting:CPT / CCT (rau duplex / super duplex)
●Kev xeem HIC / SSC:NACE TM0284 / TM0177 rau kev pabcuam qaub
●Kev tawg ua rau hydrogen (HIC):Rau kev pabcuam H₂S ntub
●Kev ntsuas Ferrite:Rau cov duplex cladding
5.5 Kev Ntsuas Hydrostatic
●Siab:1.5 × tsim siab (lossis ib qho code siv tau)
●Tuav lub sijhawm:Yam tsawg kawg nkaus 10 vib nas this, tsis muaj qhov xau
●Cov Ntaub Ntawv:Txhua lub yeeb nkab raug kaw ib leeg; suav nrog daim ntawv qhia
5.6 Kev Npaj Xaus & Kev Tso Tawm Zaum Kawg
1. Kev Sib Tov:Ib daim duab kos (API 5L, ASME, lossis kev cai)
2. CRA buttering (xaiv tau):Nickel-based strip cladding ntawm lub ntsej muag bevel kom tiv thaiv kev dilution thaum lub sijhawm vuam teb
3. Kev cim:Stencil / daim ntawv nplaum qis - tus qauv, qib, hom cladding, tus lej cua sov, ntev, chaw tsim khoom
4. Kev Tiv Thaiv:Cov hau kawg + roj tiv thaiv xeb (yog tias tsis tau coated)
5. Cov Ntaub Ntawv Zoo muab nrog cov khoom xa tuaj:
● Daim ntawv pov thawj EN 10204 Hom 3.1 (chemistry, tensile, impact, bond shear, UT, hydro)
● Cov ntawv qhia txog NDT (daim ntawv qhia UT, MT/PT yog tias siv tau)
● Daim ntawv qhia txog kev soj ntsuam qhov ntev
● Cov duab qhia txog kev kho cua sov
● Cov duab ntawm kev npaj thiab ntim khoom kawg
● Xaiv tau: EN 10204 Hom 3.2 nrog cov neeg ua tim khawv thib peb (SGS, BV, DNV, TÜV)
6. Kev Muaj Peev Xwm Tsim Khoom - Vim Li Cas Womic Steel
| Muaj peev xwm | Cov ntsiab lus |
| Cov yeeb nkab tsis muaj qhov sib txuas (centrifugal + extrusion) | OD 60–400mm, phab ntsa tuab txog li 40mm, ntev tshaj plaws 15m |
| Cov yeeb nkab vuam (kub dov + JCOE) | OD 400–1,800mm, phab ntsa tuab txog li 60mm, ntev tshaj plaws 24m |
| Cov ntaub ntawv cladding | Cov hlau tsis xeb, duplex, nickel alloys, titanium (yog xav tau) |
| Cov hlau txhawb nqa | API 5L, ASTM A106 / A333 / A335, EN10216-2, T91, chrome-moly |
| Muaj peev xwm txhua xyoo | 15,000+ tons ntawm cov yeeb nkab clad (seamless + welded) |
| Cov Ntawv Pov Thawj | ISO 9001, PED, API 5LD (nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thov / tsim nyog), DNV pom zoo lub rooj cob qhia |
| Kev tshuaj xyuas los ntawm lwm tus neeg | SGS, BV, DNV, TÜV, ABS, LR - muaj nyob rau ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom lossis them ncaj qha |
7. Cov Ntawv Thov & Cov Lus Qhia Txog Qhov Project
7.1 Kev Sib Sau Ua Roj Av Qab Zib Hauv Hiav Txwv
Piv txwv li:Cov chaw roj H₂S / CO₂ siab nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub poob Suav teb.
Kev Sib Tw:Cov hlau carbon txheem xeb sai sai; cov yeeb nkab khov kho 825 lossis 625 kim heev.
Kev daws teeb meem:Cov yeeb nkab uas tau npog - X65MS thaub qab + Incoloy 825 cladding, dov kub sib txuas + JCOE.
Qhov Tshwm Sim:35 km ntawm cov kav dej tau teeb tsa, 2 xyoos ua haujlwm, tsis muaj xeb sab hauv.
7.2 Txoj kab dej tob hauv qab dej hiav txwv
Piv txwv li:Kev tsim kho ntawm Hiav Txwv South China (qhov tob ntawm dej yog 1,500m).
Kev Sib Tw:Kev siv tshuab ua haujlwm siab, kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg, kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg, thiab kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg.
Kev daws teeb meem:Cov yeeb nkab tsis muaj qhov sib txuas - X65 seamless backing + Inconel 625 cladding los ntawm centrifugal + extrusion.
Qhov Tshwm Sim:Ua tiav kev teeb tsa los ntawm txoj kev reeling, dhau DNV kev tshuaj xyuas kev qaug zog.
7.3 Lub Boiler Superheater Ultra-Supercritical
Piv txwv li:Kev kho dua tshiab ntawm 1,000MW lub chaw hluav taws xob uas siv thee hlawv.
Kev Sib Tw:Kev ua kom sov ntawm sab pa + kev xeb ntawm cov pa roj flue dew-point.
Kev daws teeb meem:T91 sab nraud + Alloy 28 sab hauv cladding, seamless extrusion.
Qhov Tshwm Sim:Ua haujlwm tau ntau tshaj 3 xyoos yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub raj.
7.4 Txoj Kab Tsav Tsheb Hydrogen
Piv txwv li:Lub voj voog kuaj hydrogen pipeline hauv Suav teb.
Kev Sib Tw:Kev pheej hmoo ntawm hydrogen embrittlement, tsis pub muaj txheej sab hauv.
Kev daws teeb meem:P265GH + 316L clad yeeb nkab (seamless).
Qhov Tshwm Sim:Dhau 100% UT thiab hydrogen kev sib raug zoo.
7.5 CCUS-EOR CO₂ Cov Kav Dej Txhaj Tshuaj
Piv txwv li:Daqingqhov project siv thiab khaws cov pa roj carbon.
Kev Sib Tw:CO₂ qhuav nrog cov khoom tsis huv xav tau qhov chaw sab hauv uas tiv taus xeb, ntxiv rau qhov siab.
Kev daws teeb meem:X65 + 316L clad yeeb nkab (kub dov bonded).
Qhov Tshwm Sim:Muab 12 km ntawm cov yeeb nkab clad, tam sim no nyob rau hauv kev pabcuam txhaj tshuaj.
8. Cov Lus Nug Feem Ntau (FAQ)
Q1: Qhov txawv tiag tiag ntawm cov yeeb nkab uas tau sib txuas ua ke los ntawm hlau thiab cov yeeb nkab uas tau sib txuas ua ke los ntawm tshuab yog dab tsi?
A: Cov yeeb nkab uas sib txuas nrog hlau muaj ib txheej atomic-level diffusion (shear strength >200 MPa). Nws yuav tsis delaminate nyob rau hauv thermal cycling lossis pressure pulsation. Cov yeeb nkab uas muaj txheej mechanically lined nyob ntawm kev sib txhuam - nws tuaj yeem wrinkle, collapse lossis sib cais thaum cua sov lossis cycled. Rau cov roj tseem ceeb & roj, hydrogen, lossis kev pabcuam dej tob, ib txwm xaiv cov hlau sib txuas.
Q2: Cov txheej txheem twg muab lub zog sib txuas siab tshaj plaws?
A: Centrifugal casting + kub extrusion (seamless) feem ntau muab ≥300 MPa. Kub dov bonding muab 200–260 MPa. Ob qho tib si yog tsim rau API 5LD certified yeeb nkab. Explosive cladding muab 200–280 MPa nrog ib tug wavy interface.
Q3: Koj puas ua tau cov yeeb nkab clad nrog titanium lossis zirconium sab hauv txheej?
A: Yog, tab sis cov no feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm kev tawg cladding + phaj dov. Lub sijhawm ua khoom siv ntev dua. Peb muaj kev paub txog titanium-steel clad yeeb nkab rau dej hiav txwv txias thiab cov nroj tsuag tshuaj lom neeg.
Q4: Koj yuav ua li cas thiaj tiv thaiv tau qhov xeb ntawm qhov sib koom ua ke?
A: Peb muab kev xaiv CRA buttering (strip cladding welding) ntawm cov yeeb nkab bevel. Qhov no ntxiv ib txheej ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw (piv txwv li, Alloy 625) ntawm lub ntsej muag bevel, tiv thaiv kev dilution ntawm CRA los ntawm cov hlau carbon thaum lub sijhawm vuam teb. Lub weld sib koom ua ke ces muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion sib npaug rau lub cev yeeb nkab.
Q5: Koj muab cov ntaub ntawv dab tsi?
A: Peb muab cov ntaub ntawv zoo tiav raws li tau piav qhia hauv Tshooj 5.6. Rau cov xaj tshuaj xyuas los ntawm cov neeg thib peb, peb muab daim ntawv pov thawj EN 10204 Hom 3.2 uas tau kos npe los ntawm lub koom haum tshuaj xyuas.
Q6: Lub sijhawm ua khoom siv feem ntau yog dab tsi?
A: Rau cov qauv sib xyaw ua ke (piv txwv li, X65 + 316L, kub dov sib txuas): thawj qhov kev txiav txim 8-12 lub lis piam, rov ua qhov kev txiav txim 6-8 lub lis piam. Rau cov yeeb nkab seamless clad (centrifugal + extrusion): 12 16 lub lis piam rau thawj qhov kev txiav txim. Cov hlau tshwj xeeb (titanium, Hastelloy) ntxiv 4-6 lub lis piam.
Q7: Koj puas txais cov lus txib me me?
A: Yog. Peb tuaj yeem pib nrog 20-30 meters rau kev kuaj xyuas kev tsim nyog lossis kev puas tsuaj. Lub sijhawm ua khoom xa tuaj rau kev sim yuav ntev me ntsis vim yog kev teeb tsa.
9. Ntim & Xa Khoom
●Kev tiv thaiv nto:Cov roj tiv thaiv xeb ntawm cov hlau sab nraud; CRA sab hauv tseem qhuav lossis nitrogen kaw.
●Cov hau kawg:Cov hau yas tuab ruaj ntseg nrog cov hlua hlau.
● Kev Muab Ua Ib Pawg:Rau cov qhov me me (txog li 8″), cov pob hex nrog cov ntoo spacers. Rau cov qhov loj dua, cov txaj txhawb nqa ib leeg.
● Ntim thawv:20′ lossis 40′ thawv nrog cov hnab dunnage thiab cov hlau strapping.
● Rhuav cov khoom loj / khib tiaj tiaj:Rau cov yeeb nkab loj (≥24″) lossis cov yeeb nkab phab ntsa hnyav.
● Cim:Stencil raws li API 5LD / cov neeg siv khoom xav tau. Tus lej cua sov tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau txhua lub 'meter'.
10. Tiv tauj Womic Steel - Koj Lub Chaw Tsim Khoom Siv Yeeb Nkab
Nrhiav ib lub chaw tsim cov yeeb nkab uas txhim khu kev qha thiab tuaj yeem qhia koj txog cov txheej txheem sib txuas, kev sib txuas cov khoom siv, thiab qib kev tshuaj xyuas? Tiv tauj peb nrog koj cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov project.
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Womic Steel - Cov kev daws teeb meem yeeb nkab 316L clad rau CO₂ kev pabcuam, boiler, cua sov sib pauv, qhov kub qis, thiab kev siv kub siab.
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Chaw Tsim Khoom Siv Yeeb Nkab Bimetal | Metallurgical...